Inner Liner

The inner liner forms the vital internal membrane which hold the inflation medium at an elevated pressure within the structure of the tyre. In early days 

---

Tire industry Tire inner liners Tire molds Tire reinforcement Tire-reinforcement fib(... 

Rigid paperboard containers are made of paper greater than 0.254 mm (0.010 in) in caUper and include folding cartons, cormgated ftberboard cases, and spiral wound composite cans. Many paperboard cartons require the use of inner liners or overwraps, made of protective grades of paper, plastic, or aluminum foil laminations. 

Many initiators attack steels of the AISI 4300 series and the barrels of the intensifiers, which are usually of compound constmction to resist fatigue, have an inner liner of AISI 410 or austenitic stainless steel. The associated small bore pipework and fittings used to transfer the initiator to the sparger are usually made of cold worked austenitic stainless steel. The required pumping capacity varies considerably from one process to another, but an initiator flow rate 0.5 L / min is more than sufficient to supply a single injection point in a reactor nominally rated for 40 t/d of polyethylene. 

A composite dmm is constmcted of a plastic, semirigid inner liner (usually polyethylene) and either a steel or fiber outer container or overpack. The composite dmm may be a useful compromise between a plastic dmm and a conventional steel dmm. It is strong enough to be handled like a steel dmm, yet provides an enclosure for chemicals that cannot be shipped safely in steel or fiber dmms. Capacities of composite dmms are 19—208 L (5—55 gal). Such dmms are used in chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. 

Coffee vacuum-packed in flexible, bag-in-box packages has gained wide acceptance in Europe. The inner liner, usually a plastic-laminated foil, is formed into a hard brick shape during the vacuum process (30). In the United States, a printed multilaminated flexible stmcture is used to form the brick pack which is sold as is at retail. These types of packages provide a barrier to moisture and oxygen similar to that of a metal can. 

Transport of France reduces dimensional change by using a thin inner liner of Invar. Another patented French system accommodates this change by means of the flexibility of thin metal which is creased. The creases run in two direc tions, and the form of the crossings of the creases is a feature of the system. 

Butyl ruhher vulcanizates have tensile strengths up to 2,000 psi, and are characterized hy low permeahility to air and a high resistance to many chemicals and to oxidation. These properties make it a suitable rubber for the production of tire inner tubes and inner liners of tubeless tires. The major use of butyl rubber is for inner tubes. Other uses include wire and cable insulation, steam hoses, mechanical goods, and adhesives. Chlorinated butyl is a low molecular weight polymer used as an adhesive and a sealant. 

TABLE 14,27 Model Formulation (Inner Liners) Ingredients/Mixes No. 06 07 08 09... 

The inner liner forms the vital internal membrane which holds the inflation medium at an elevated pressure within the structure of the tire. In early days the liner was a separate tube of natural or butyl, or more particularly, XIIR compound as an integral part of the tire structure. Adhesion levels of butyl compounds can be critically low requiring an insulating or barrier layer of an NR compound to act as an interface between the liner and the casing. 

A typical formulation of an Inner liner is documented in Table 14.47. 

Polymerizations. The polymerizations were carried out in an argon atmosphere in capped glass bottles fitted with a neoprene rubber gasket inner liner. In charging the polymerizations, the order of addition of materials was solvent first, then metal alkyls, next the barium salt, and finally the monomer(s). The amount of metal alkyl charged was sufficient to titrate the acidic impurities present in the solvent and polymerization bottle, plus the calculated amount for initiation of polymerizations. The mole ratio of barium to metal alkyl(s) was based on the moles of total alkalinity of barium to the moles of carbon-metal assayed. Unless otherwise stated,... 

The main applications of butyl rubber are in wire and cable applications, inner tubes, inner liners in tubeless tyres, tyre curing bladders, and pharmaceutical closures, the latter utilising the low... 

These fabrics can be applied in the hand-built construction of hoses in a spiral form at an angle to the axis of the hose. The knitted fabric can also be produced directly onto the surface of the inner liner of a hose and subsequently be covered with the outer cover compound by a cross-head extruder. 

Hose may be hand built using a three roll wrapping machine. The centres of the three rolls form an equilateral triangle. The hose during construction sits on the junction between the two lower rollers and pressure is exerted to consolidate the composite by the upper movable roller. An extruded inner liner, after fitting to a solid inner mandrel, is placed into the machine between the rollers and then the various layers of rubber coated or resorcinol-formaldehyde-latex treated, fabric are applied in a spiral form, with overlap. Once the reinforcement layers have been added the cover rubber is applied and a cloth, usually nylon, is spirally wrapped around the constructed hose using the roller system. The hose is now ready for vulcanisation. 

Refrigerator door linings, refrigerator inner liners, trays. .. 

The mandrel can be recoverable, or can be integrated in the finished part, for example, in the inner liner of high-pressure tanks. 

The most complete set of overpressure measurements was obtained by Enger and Hartman in the Shell Pipeline study. The data were collected using a spill tank 1.5 m deep and 2.1 m in diameter. The tank was made of 6.3-mm mild steel plate with 12-mm-diameter circumferential reinforcing rods spot-welded to the exterior. The capacity was 5.3 m, but during the tests the water depth was held constant at 1 m (3.8 m ). The LNG was contained in a 0.13-m Dewar made from 6.3-mm mild steel with a stainless steel inner liner. The annulus was evacuated. When spilling, the Dewar lip was about 0.75 m above the water surface. 

Conifer clippings, 6-8 in (15-20 cm) long, can be used to line a basket (top). "Mock" moss bottom) is also a good choice for the organic gardener to increase water retention in an opensided basket, add an inner liner of an old plastic bag or, as here, a piece of a discarded growing bag. 

The design of the stack was inadequate for the service especially since the scrubbing process introduced solid material into the stack. A good structural or mechanical design does not necessarily ensure suitability for process conditions. The stack should have been reinforced and should have been equipped with some means of minimizing deposits within the inner liner. 

The stack was constructed of an inner liner of hrick shrouded hy a concrete outer shell constructed of reinforced steel and concrete. The hrick and mortar liner had no reinforcing steel to support the assembly from side loading. The concrete shroud was primarily for protection against wind. A space of a few feet existed between the wall of the brick liner and the outer concrete shroud. The brick wall was about 3 to 4 feet thick at the bottom, and the wall thickness lessened with height. The concrete portion was of a similar design. 

Polyisoprene rubbers are used in the construction of passenger, truck, and bus tires and inner liners, as well as sealants and caulking compounds, sporting goods, gaskets, hoses, rubber sheeting, gloves, belts, and footwear. 

PIB and various copolymers are called butyl rubber. Butyl rubbers have lower permeability and higher damping than other elastomers making them ideal materials for tire inner liners and engine mounts. 

Nanocomposites are being used in tires, in particular, tire inner liners. Here, less permeable inner layers are achieved by the introduction of clad layers, which allow the use of a thinner inner liner, resulting in an overall lighter tire. Tire inner layers are typically derived from butyl rubber, often halogenated butyl rubber. 

Another approach utilizes highly oriented pyrolytic graphite that is separated into individual graphite sheets as the inner layer material. In each case, the nano-clay or graphite material is present in about 2% by weight in the tire inner liner. 

As the inner liner is processed, the sheets align forming a clad that reduces the ability of air to flow from the tire. 

---