Anti-fouling

Car-ferry vessels in Australia have 0-15 mm of aluminium-sprayed coatings on the inside and outside of the hull followed by a compatible anti-fouling paint. Steel vertical legs on the S. S. President Cleveland and S. S. President Wilson are aluminium sprayed followed by two coats of aluminium-pigmented vinyl paint. Aluminium-sprayed steel is also giving... 

As a kind of specialty solutions for the real hard cases where fouling is intense and unavoidable, IMM first proposed ideas to develop special micro mixers for fouling-intense reactions and conducted feasibility tests, among them very fast organic reactions with spontaneous precipitation such as the amidation of acetyl chloride in THF [134]. The Forschimgszentrum Karlsruhe developed special anti-foul-ing coatings in cooperation with partners [135]. 

Davies, I.M., J.C. McKie, and J, D. Paul. 1986. Accumulation of tin and tributyltin from anti-fouling paint by cultivated scallops (Pecten maximum) and Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Aquaculture 55 103-114. 

Paul, J.D. and I.M. Davies. 1986. Effects of copper- and tin-based anti-fouling compounds on the growth of scallops (Pecten maximus) and oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Aquaculture 54 191-203. 

On-line Representativity Fouling Availability Good positioning of sensor Anti-fouling devices Adapted service Double sensing preferable... 

In October 2001, the UN International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted the International Anti-Fouling Systems Convention (IMO, 2001). According to the convention, application of TBT-based AF paints is banned from 1 Jan 2003. Use of TBT-based AF paint is banned from 1 Jan 2008. 

IMO (2001). International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-Fouling Systems on Ships. AFS/CONF/26. 

Marson, F. Anti-Fouling Paints I. Theoretical approach to leaching of soluble pigments from insoluble paint vehicles. J. Appl. Chem. 19 (1969), 93-99. 

Given the toxic effects of TBT and TFT, efforts are now underway to halt their use in antifouling paints. The United States and European Union banned their use on boats smaller than 25 m circa 1990. In 2001, the United Nations adopted the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships, which calls for a worldwide ban on use of TBT in antifouling paints and is slated to come into force in 2008. As noted above, areas where the use of butyltin has been restricted have experienced a decline in butyltin concentrations. A similar decline has been observed in the incidence of imposex. 

Anti-fouling tests were carried out on brush coated plastic laminate panels which had been given a primary coating of anti-corrosion paint. Performance was measured by visual observations of the panels after prolonged immersion (4 - 12 months) in a known high-fouling estuarine environment. 

A further important application of these pigments is in paints. The natural red iron oxides are also used in primers for steel structures and cars, for marine coatings and for anti-fouling paints. In the USA, the metallic browns are used for these purposes. The level of soluble salts in the latter pigments is low and this reduces corrosion problems. The metallic browns are also used in heat resistant enamels. 

---