Coating copper

The Fe, Co, and Ni deposits are extremely fine grained at high current density and pH. Electroless nickel, cobalt, and nickel—cobalt alloy plating from fluoroborate-containing baths yields a deposit of superior corrosion resistance, low stress, and excellent hardenabiUty (114). Lead is plated alone or ia combination with tin, iadium, and antimony (115). Sound iasulators are made as lead—plastic laminates by electrolyticaHy coating Pb from a fluoroborate bath to 0.5 mm on a copper-coated nylon or polypropylene film (116) (see Insulation, acoustic). Steel plates can be simultaneously electrocoated with lead and poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (117). Solder is plated ia solutioas containing Pb(Bp4)2 and Sn(Bp4)2 thus the lustrous solder-plated object is coated with a Pb—Sn alloy (118). 

The first permanent images were obtained by the French landowner . N. Niepce using bitumcn-coated pewter (bitumen hardens when expo.sed to light for several hours and the unexposed portions can then be dissolved away in oil of turpentine). He then helped the portrait painter, L. J. M. Daguerre, to perfect the daguerreotype process which utilized plates of copper coated with silver sensitized with iodine vapour. The announcement of this process in 1839 was greeted with enormous enthusiasm but it. suffered from the critical drawback that each picture was unique and could not be duplicated. 

Copper coatings are usually applied by electrodeposition (Section 12.1), although for more limited purposes electroless or immersion deposits are used. Less frequently, copper may also be applied by flame spraying. ... 

Lu, W., Donepudi, V. S., Prakash, J., Liu, J., and Amine, K., Electrochemical and thermal behavior of copper coated type MAG-20 natural graphite, Electrochimica Acta... 

Guo, K., Pan, Q., Wang, L. and Fang, S., Nano-scale copper coated graphite as anode material for lithium-ion batteries, J. Applied Electrochemistry (2002) 32 679-685. 

Figure 5.27 Scanning electron micrograph of copper-coated DCg PC (38) tubules. Tubules are hollow with diameter of approximately 0.5 p.m (bar = 0.5 p,m). Helical wrappings evident in some tubules are all right handed. Reprinted with permission from Ref. 125. Copyright 1998 by the American Chemical Society. 

Fig. 5.27. Variation of tensile strength of copper coated carbon fibers as a function of coating thickness determined by single fiber pull-out test. After Abraham et al. (1992).

With LA-ICP-ToF-MS, using the 193 nm ArF laser (laser energy lOOmJ at 120(xm laser beam diameter), a depth resolution of 200 nm per laser shot was measured.121 LA-ICP-MS was utilized for depth profiling of copper coatings on steel with certified copper coating thicknesses from about... 

Pennies dated 1982 or earlier are nearly pure copper, each having a mass of about 3.5 grams. Pennies dated after 1982 are made of copper-coated zinc, each having a mass of about 2.9 grams. Hold a pre-1982 penny on the tip of your right index finger and a post-1982 penny on the tip of your left index finger. Move your forearms up and down to feel the difference in inertia—the difference of... 

Although phenylhydroxylamine may be prepared by catalytic reduction,1 by the oxidation of aniline,2 and by electrolytic reduction of nitrobenzene,3 the most feasible method is still based upon the original zinc reduction method of Bamberger 4 and of Wohl.5 Various solvents and catalysts have been used in this reduction, and copper-coated and amalgamated zinc, as well as aluminium amalgam,6 have been substituted for zinc dust. The method herein recommended is essentially one previously described 7 but it has been found 8 that cooling is not an essential, as claimed in the patents. The preparation of the oxalate is also a more recent contribution.9... 

Figure 11. N(1j) high resolution spectra of polished OFHC copper coated with y-APS from a 1% aqueous solution at pH 10.4. The take-off angles were (A)—15 and (B)—75°.

The wearing of copper bracelets to benefit arthritis is an apocryphal use of copper. It is not clear whether any measurable amount of copper is dissolved by the body. The average weight loss from copper bracelets is 12 mg month-1 while they are worn. Studies show that components in human sweat could solubilize this metal and possibly aid its absorption. On the other hand, copper-coated intrauterine devices can lead to the dissolution of about 25-50 mg Cu per year. There are no studies to show whether this leads to chronic copper toxicity or whether there is a protective effect against... 

Carbohydrates, aminoacids Glass DC amperometry End-channel (on-chip) Copper-coated platinum [89]... 

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