Plastic-based laminates

Laminated composite materials consist of layers of at least two different materials that are bonded together. Lamination is used to combine the best aspects of the constituent layers and bonding material in order to achieve a more useful material. The properties that can be emphasized by lamination are strength, stiffness, low weight, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, beauty or attractiveness, thermal insulation, acoustical insulation, etc. Such claims are best represented by the examples in the following paragraphs in which bimetals, clad metals, laminated glass, plastic-based laminates, and laminated fibrous composite materials are described. 

In addition to polyamide, lamination inks ordinarily contain modifiers such as polyketone resin, plasticizer, and wax to impart specific properties such as block resistance and increased bond strength. Because laminating inks are usually reverse-side printed and end-up sandwiched between films, gloss is not a primary requirement. Water-base laminating inks that will meet the U.S. EPA emission requirements and have the correct functional properties are currently under development. 

The list of applications also includes decorative printing inks for melamine based laminated plastic sheets. It should be noted, however, that P.B.15 1 may not be used in decorative printing inks for polyester-based sheets, because the pigment... 

The list of applications also includes printing inks, in which P.Gr.36 is tinctori-ally weaker than its copper phthalocyanine counterparts. For comparison, 1/3 SD letterpress proof prints containing P.Gr.36, printed at standardized film thickness, require approximately 26% pigment, while only 17% of P.Gr.7 suffice for the same purpose. The fastness properties exhibited by P.Gr.36 in prints, as in paints, closely resemble those of P.Gr.7, including the phototropic behavior of decorative printing inks for melamine-based laminated plastics sheets. 

Core Material, Plastic Honeycomb, Laminated Glass Fabric Base, for Aircraft Structural Applications... 

MII S-25392B(ASG) Sandwich Construction, Plastic Resin, Glass Fabric Base, Laminated Facings and Urethane Foomed-in-Place Core, for Structural Applications, 8 May 1968, 12 pp (FSC 9330) (AS)... 

Uses Urethane-acrylic, solv. resist, aid, abrasion resist, aid in coatings, screen inks, overprint varnishes, wood coatings, plastic film, laminating adhesives, floor tile, and metal coating finishes Features Resilient, nonyel. supplied as base resin or as resin/monomer blends which offer resilience, water-wh. clarity, and exc. heat and light stability to UV/EB-cured prods. 

Design factors should be observed for reinforced plastics. Based on the standardized properties of laminates, rods, and tubes, a minimum safety factor of four for mechanical strength and six for electrical strength is recommended. If repeated impact loads are expected, a safety factor of 10 is advisable. 

Between them the various sub-groups cope with the common industrial materials, particularly steel and aluminium alloys and with many absorbent materials -especially cellulose-based ones. But with few exceptions, such as the polyamides, the family as a whole cannot cope with most thermoplastics though some of the thermoset plastics (normally in the form of PF - phenol/formaldehyde, UF - urea/ formaldehyde, and melamine-based laminates) bond extremely well. 

Acidic, Cifvi) solutions may be used as cleaners or etchants for metals (e.g. Cu) and plastics, e.g. ABS acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene. In the case of metals, the Cffvi) may be used in order simply to clean the metal, etch the surface or completely remove a metal coating. The etching of plastic substrates is a key step prior to metallizing epoxy based laminates during the production of printed circuit boards. 

Core material, plastic honeycomb, laminated glass fabric base, for aircraft structural applications... 

A base for adhesives in plastic-metal laminations or rubber-to-metal applications... 

The largest market for elastomer-based adhesives is that of lamination (see Laminates). Modem office furniture having Formica as a surfacing material is made with an elastomer-based adhesive. Tile adhesives for ceramic or carpet tile are also elastomer-based and usually solvent appHed. Paper adhesives and shoe manufacture also use substantial quantities of mbber-based materials. Solvent-weld adhesives are used to join plastic plumbing and to repair vinyl sheeting. 

Automotive and architectural laminates of PVB develop maximum impact strength near 20°C, as shown in Figure 2. This balance is obtained by the plasticizer-to-resin ratio and the molecular weight of the resins. It has been adjusted to this optimum temperature based on environmental conditions and automobile population at various ambient temperatures. The frequency and severity of vehicle occupant injuries vs temperature ranges at the accident location have been studied (5), and the results confirm the selection of the maximum performance temperature and decreasing penetration resistance at temperature extremes. 

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