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Manual methods

Hand-held instruments for the interrogation of corrosion probes range in versatdity from simple direct reading meters dedicated to one probe type and with no data storage facdity, to multi-function meters with direct readout, data storage and retrieval, and computer interface capabilities for optimum data [Pg.270]

Rack-mounted instruments providing direct analog or digital readouts of the corrosivity readings from a number of probes are also available. [Pg.270]

Data logging instruments hard-wired to the monitoring devices may be single or multi-channel. Single-channel instruments have the advantage that they may be mounted local to the monitoring point to minimize the length of the cable run. [Pg.270]

Removable memory modules allow manual transfer of the recorded data to the office, where it is downloaded to a personal computer for interrogation. [Pg.270]


A piping system can be evaluated for its displacement and stress either by manual methods (charts, tables, hand calculation) or computerized solution. The latter has become the standard approach desktop and laptop computers can handle all but the most compHcated problems. Manual methods are used only for rough estimates on very simple systems. [Pg.61]

Automated methods are more rehable and much more precise than the average manual method dependence on the technique of the individual technologist is eliminated. The relative precision, or repeatabiUty, measured by the consistency of the results of repeated analyses performed on the same sample, ranges between 1% and 5% on automated analy2ers. The accuracy of an assay, defined as the closeness of the result or of the mean of repHcate measurements to the tme or expected value (4), is also of importance in clinical medicine. [Pg.392]

Aperture impedance and most other automated counters measure MCV and RBC independently, in contrast to the manual methods where MCV and MCH accuracies depend on hemocytometer red cell count accuracy. [Pg.401]

The automated method differs from the ICSH method chiefly in that oxidation and ligation of heme iron occur after the hemes have been released from globin. Therefore, ferricyanide and cyanide need not diffuse into the hemoglobin and methemoglobin, respectively. Because diffusion is rate-limiting in this reaction sequence, the overall reaction time is reduced from approximately three minutes for the manual method to 3 —15 seconds for the automated method. Reaction sequences in the Coulter S + II and the Technicon H 1 and H 2 are similar. Moreover, similar reactions are used in the other Coulter systems and in the TOA and Unipath instmments. [Pg.405]

Because of all these numerical difficulties, neither the LM nor the TG stage-by-stage method is commonly implemented in modern computer algorithms. Nevertheless, the TG method is veiy instructive and is developed in the following example. For a single narrow-boihng feed, the TG manual method is quite efficient. [Pg.1278]

The West-Gaeke manual method is the basis for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reference method for measurement of SO2 (6). The method uses the colorimetric principle i.e., the amount of SO2 collected is proportional to the amount of light absorbed by a solution. The collection medium is an aqueous solution of sodium or potassium tetrachloromercu-... [Pg.200]

The relative fluctuations in Monte Carlo simulations are of the order of magnitude where N is the total number of molecules in the simulation. The observed error in kinetic simulations is about 1-2% when lO molecules are used. In the computer calculations described by Schaad, the grids of the technique shown here are replaced by computer memory, so the capacity of the memory is one limit on the maximum number of molecules. Other programs for stochastic simulation make use of different routes of calculation, and the number of molecules is not a limitation. Enzyme kinetics and very complex oscillatory reactions have been modeled. These simulations are valuable for establishing whether a postulated kinetic scheme is reasonable, for examining the appearance of extrema or induction periods, applicability of the steady-state approximation, and so on. Even the manual method is useful for such purposes. [Pg.114]

If, after assessing the various computer and software packages, the decision is made to implement the proposed maintenance system on computer rather than by manual methods caution must be exercised. Irrespective of the above-mentioned benefits, the use of a computer does not increase work output but it does provide the department with a very sound method of improving the management of the company s assets and resources. [Pg.791]

The more automatic the method of coating application, the more economical and efficient it is, since automation lends itself more readily to more even coatings than do manual methods, e.g. large surface areas lend themselves more readily to spraying techniques, whereas open work structures are more suitable for dipping methods. The coating should also be applied to a specified minimum thickness which is adequate for the service conditions and life envisaged. [Pg.45]

Surface preparation is of prime importance, and optimum performance of modern protection coatings can be achieved only if the surface of the steel has been adequately treated. The method of surface preparation depends on the shape and size of the structure or component. Thus it is preferable to blast-clean an openwork steel structure by manual methods, since with this type of structure automatic blast cleaning would lead to excessive impingement of the abrasive on the machine itself. [Pg.45]

This interplay of the many variables is extremely complex and involves a matrix of the many variables. As an example in the molding simulation TMconcept system programmed Molding Cost Optimization (MCO) of Plastics Computer Inc., Dallas, TX, there are well over 300 variables. It is not reasonable to expect a person using manual methods to calculate these complex interactions even if molding only a modest shaped product without omissions or errors. Computerized process simulation is a practical tool to monitor the influence of design alternatives on the processability of the product and to select molding conditions that ensure the required product quality (3). [Pg.442]

Evaluation Codes (Reler to coding manual) Method... [Pg.261]

Two steps have been added to the original Pesticide Analytical Manual method to increase the stability of the trimethylsilyl derivatives and to clean up the final extract prior to GC analysis, namely the use of a sodium sulfate mini-column to dry the extract after derivatization and the use of a Florisil Sep-Pak cartridge to remove matrix interferences. The advantages of the current method are the simultaneous evaluation of the four analytes, reproducibility and low matrix interference. [Pg.583]

A general survey of computer and manual methods for optimising exchanger networks is given by Nishida et al. (1977) see also Siirola (1974). [Pg.102]

COMPARISON OF METHODS. Both methods were fairly rapid with a typical analysis time of 5 minutes per sample as compared with 30 minutes per sample for the manual method ... [Pg.266]

The manual method of data correction, which has been described, though efficient and theoretically sound, is however very tedious and requires skilled experimenters. For this reason, various other methods have been proposed to correct automatically the calorimetric data. In some methods ( on-line correction), raw data may be processed immediately, i.e., during the course of the experiment itself. In other methods ( off-line correction),... [Pg.221]

For the next several chapters in this book we will illustrate the straight forward calculations used for multivariate regression. In each case we continue to perform all mathematical operations using MATLAB software [1, 2], We have already discussed and shown the manual methods for calculating most of the matrix algebra used here in references [3-6]. You may wish to program these operations yourselves or use other software to routinely make these calculations. [Pg.109]


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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.465 ]




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