Planning site controls

To maintain adeqnate site control, the site safety and health snpervi-sor mnst have the anthority to enforce the SSAHP s rnles on any individ-nal present at the site, whether that individnal is an employee or an ontside contractor. If there is more than one SSAHP (i.e., if each contractor develops its own), OSHA considers it essential that the plans he integrated and enforced consistently to ensnre that on-site personnel have a clear nnder-standing of safety and health expectations, lines of anthority, and emergency response actions. 

Forty-hour training was required for personnel entering the exclusion zone, and additional supervisory training was required for site supervisors. Site control procedures described in the Site C contractor s SSAHP included maintenance of site control logs at each access point, use of red tape or chainlink fencing to demarcate hot zones, and use of the buddy system in all exclusion and contamination reduction zone areas. Site communications relied almost exclusively on visual sighting of employees the plan did not describe the use of two-way radios. This suggested that all employees in hot zones can be observed continuously from the support zones. 

Signiflcant deficiencies in site control procedures existed at Site K. For example, the Site K subcontractor had not established a contamination reduction zone (CRZ), to physically separate the support zone from the exclusion zone, as required in the site plan. 

Site D lacked a sufficient CRZ and also lacked access/egress control for the exclusion zone. The site control plan did not accurately identify the function of the CRZ as a buffer zone between the exclusion zone and the support zone, and there was no buffer area between the decontamination pad and the road that runs adjacent to the pad, marked as a support zone. Also, an exclusion zone log-in procedure for tracking personnel who enter and exit this zone was not used on site as called for in the SSAHP. 

The primary contractor at Site A had identified clean zones, buffer zones, and related site control procedures in its written plan however, onsite implementation differed from those specified in the plan. For example, the exclusion zones identified in the plan at the upper pad of the wastewater treatment plant, the dredge area, and the solid waste storage area were marked with signs requiring PPE, but were not labeled with red banners as called for in the plan. In addition, the exclusion zones did not have controlled access through one point of entry as described in the plan, nor were the buffer zones established and demarcated with yellow banners. 

The study participants (volunteers) should arrive at the field laboratory well before the daily work activities are to commence. The study participants should be directed to sit near the dressing area on a seat covered with a fresh plastic bag or tarp. The volunteers are usually instructed not to move from their seats or wander off around the test site. Control of the movements of the study participant is crucial at this point since the worker could encounter contamination and acquire some extraneous exposure not planned for the study. 

For specialty chemicals production networks, the planning and controlling process has to combine the site perspective and the value chain perspective. Most specialty chemicals companies have a division/business unit organization and operate sites shared by several divisions. While each division can cover the value chain perspective individually, for example by integrating the above-mentioned indicators into controlling processes, the site perspective requires cross-divisional coordination to avoid suboptimal solutions. Different options ranging from centralized to decentralized setups exist to do so (cf. Hayes and Wheelwright 1984, pp. 120-125). 

The safety of contractors who may be exposed to process hazards has become a great concern since the occurrence of very serious incidents at Pasadena, Texas (October 23, 1989), and Chan-nelview, Texas (July 5, 1990). Employers are now required to (1) evaluate the safety performance of contractors (2) inform contract employers concerning fire, explosion, and toxicity hazards (3) ascertain that contractor employees understand the site s emergency plan (4) control the presence of contractors in process areas and (5) maintain an injury and illness log related to a contractor s work in process areas [1(h), 2(87), 5, 42]. 

Implementation of a site control program to protect employees against hazardous materials contamination. At a minimum, the site safety plan must designate the location of the spill or release site, site work zones, site communications, safe work practices... 

There is no doubt in the mind of Nonius Datus of who was at fault in this sorry tale, but we do not know whether his plans were accurate One thing is clear though, the whole situation might have been avoided if site control had been more efficient. Had Nonius Datus employed a resident engineer on site to check the contractors work then perhaps the mistakes would have been discovered and remedied before their cumulative effect became too serious. The more modern case studies of failure presented in the last two chapters also demonstrate quite vividly the dependence of site control on good communications between the parties involved and well defined responsibilities. 

For instance, nowadays there is still little attention given to the automated data flow of planning and control information, or promoting the business need to the seamless flow of scheduling, resource, materials, and cost information between firms. For practitioners in these industrial environments, time and material planning is very often done in a manual process at the construction site on a stand-alone basis, mosfly assisted by data received by phone calls or on paper. 

Many of the site controls have been covered earlier in this chapter (Section 7.2 - General hazards and controls). Site controls can be conveniently subdivided under four headings - site planning, site preparation, site security and the arrangements with the client and/or occupier of the premises. 

VMI is a concept for planning and control of inventory, in which the supplier has access to the customer s inventory data and is responsible for maintaining the inventory level required by the customer. Re-supply is performed by the vendor through regularly scheduled reviews of the on-site inventory. The on-site inventory is counted, damaged or outdated goods are removed, and the inventory is restocked to predefined levels... 

There seems to be a potential for an appreciable increase in the air, river and road traffic near Kozloduy (see Site Safety Review Mission report of October 1994). Administrative measures are planned to control this increase within acceptable levels. 

An up-to-date safety policy statement, which specifies the means used to audit and monitor the policy and activities on site, and the means of showing compliance with the Management Regulations 1999. For most contractors, this requires recording of the arrangements made to effectively plan, organise, control, monitor and review the preventive and protective measures... 

Planning and control strategies should be aimed at making decisions about such issues by management, rather than leaving them to site workers who will not normally be aware of all the constraints. For example, a subcontractor may attempt to put up ladders or a temporary scaffold to gain access to the outside of a structure, unaware that the spot chosen is on a major access route that happens to be quiet at the time. Third parties should not have to make decisions about ensuring their own safety they should be excluded from work areas where they may be at risk. 

Becau.se agencies do not always specify how standards must be implemented, safety officials must transform regulations into practices and procedures (Document E) that can be applied across many different sites and conditions. At the local level, writers must develop ventilation plans, roof control plans, and general safety instructions that take into account differences in local conditions. In the mining industry, these plans must be approved at the District level before operators can proceed with their work. 

Despite this dynamic uncertainty, engineers must construct plans to control risk and predict hazard in the everyday working operations of the mines. Roof-support engineers, for example, must map underground faults, determine stress and load levels, and construct plans that outline the minimum support methods and requirements for each section of the mine. These support requirements include a broad plan for overall roof support as well as site-specific rules for pillar width and additional support. But engineers must also be prepared to respond to change. 

Solid-wa.ste-filling plan. The specific method of filling will depend on the characteristics of the site, such as the amount of available cover material, the topography, and local hydrology and geology. To assess future development plans, it will be necessary to prepare a detailed plan for the layout of the individual solid-waste cells. On the basis of the characteristics of the site or the method of operation (e.g., gas recovery), it may be necessaiy to incorporate special features for the control of the movement of gases and leachate from the landfill. 

Project Control (factored and take off) 5% Mechanical Flowsheets, Preliminary Plot Plans, Location, Off Site Definition... 

Health and safety planning and implementation emphasize jobs and tasks. Many DOE or Army Corps of Engineers sites have an established work control system (WCS) that is focused at the job and task level. Workers are familiar with the WCS and understand its content because each work-task package includes checklists and permits. This is a normal part of daily work. The WCS is a practical vehicle for managing and conducting these activities and supports the HASP by providing a mechanism to accomplish the following ... 

The amount and type of hazards will determine the performance standard specified in site-specific control plans. This includes the content, detail, and formality of review. The approval of the plans is based on risk and hazard potential. Using the hazard-based approach, levels of risk or methods to rank risk (degree) are standardized. 

The HASP is the model for performing work safely and, if properly designed, will help to integrate all site- and task-related hazards and control measures. Wlien working with the DOE or the Corps of Engineers there may be additional documents that should be considered when developing a plan. Make sure that you understand all site-specific needs. 

---