Individual perspective

This review will include both types of studies, but will not discuss in any detail optically pumped NMR of semiconductors, which has been well-reviewed [5, 11, 12,14], or other unconventional techniques for detection of NMR signals. Physics-related NMR studies of more complicated semiconductor behavior such as Kondo insulators or semiconductors and other unusual semiconducting phases, and semiconducting phases of high-Tc superconductors, while very important in physics, will be neglected here. I have deemed it of some value to provide rather extensive citation of the older as well as of the more recent literature, since many of the key concepts and approaches relevant to current studies (e.g., of nanoparticle semiconductors) can be found in the older, often lesser-known, literature. My overall aim is to provide a necessarily individual perspective on experimental and theoretical approaches to the study of semiconductors by NMR techniques that will prove useful to chemists and other scientists. 

Like vaccines, antibiotics and antivirals also have negative externalities. When bacteria and viruses are exposed to such drugs, they evolve to develop resistance (Smith and Coast 2003). As a result, the more often antibiotics are prescribed, the less effective they are apt to be in the future. Hence a decision that is rational from an individual perspective, perhaps to take an antibiotic for an ear infection, can be harmful from a social perspective, as it may breed resistant bacteria that can undermine the efficacy of the antibiotic for future users. 

Chadia is a chemical engineer who has turned towards applied mathematics in her graduate studies at Auburn University and has helped us bridge the gap between our individual perspectives. 

A two-step process has proved a valuable tool to address the individual perspective in building a shared performance culture. Fig. 15.8 shows an example of a division of a chemical company for which a common vision was to be developed. 

In daily life, errors are frequently attributed to stupidity, carelessness, forgetfulness, recklessness and other personal defects. The implication is that the person who makes an error has certain characteristics which produce the error and, furthermore, that these characteristics are under their control and they are therefore to blame for the errors they make. This is error seen from the individual perspective when applied to understanding accidents James Reason refers to this as the person model (Reason, 2000). 

These perspectives could be extended to cover current theories in organizational learning. But for our purpose, where we have chosen to analyze learning from an individual perspective, we find it reasonable to limit this overview to theories focusing learning on an individual level. 

While this paper reflects the author s individual perspectives, these perspectives have been heavily influenced by his collaborative experience in the development and application of CORIE. Thanks arc due to Michael Wilkin, Paul Turner, Edward Myers, CaUon Pu, Jon Walpole, Todd Leen, Edmundo Casillas, Andre Fortunato, and many other colleagues, collaborators and students over the years. 

After defining consultant from an organizational and individual perspective and exploring reasons why consultants are retained, this chapter discusses the characteristics of successful consultants. The consultant selection process, which varies in complexity from extremely elaborate and costly to simple sole source selection, is described. It includes discussion of price-based selection (PBS) versus qualifications-based selection (QBS) of professional service firms and their impacts on clients, owners, customers, and stakeholders. A discussion of the negative impacts of PBS selection on consulting firms concludes the chapter. 

From each of these perspectives, tactical metrics can be set to stimulate new outcomes, build new processes, and build skill development and learning with clear links to the goals of each individual perspective. 

Packendorff, X, 2002. The temporary society and its enemies. Projects from an individual perspective. In Sahlin-Andersson, K. and Soderhohns, A., editors. Beyond project management New perspectives on the temporary—permanent dilemma. Mahno Liber ekonomi, p. 318. 

Because human error is one of the most important causes of accidents for frontline workers, hazard identification activities are undertaken to determine and address the sources of hazards and to increase sensitivity to hazards. Suggested time required for the hazard identification activities are shown in Table 6.2. KYT places importance on equality and the individual perspectives of working people. Hazards are identified by the safety officer and workers on site. By encouraging everybody on site to identify, and resolve safety problems and hazards on site, safety conditions can be improved. The site shows videos depicting risky behaviour, which can motivate workers to work safely. 

Sum Ranking This suggests how we go from an individual perspective to a social one. In other words, how do we aggregate across individuals Utilitarianism suggests the principle of sum-ranking, namely whatever actions or choices maximize the sum of utilities is the best . 

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