Continuity observables

Here presented results were acquainted predominantly by one-channel ten-level AE analyser IOC of the AED Laboratory Brno firm. This device is equipped by ten window threshold levels, defined fi-om top and bottom, the tenth level has not limitation fi-om top. Total dynamic range is 40 dB. The analyser enables continuous observation of total number of counts Nc, or number of counts per time unit and similar. Everything may be observed both in lull measured range and in individual levels. Range of measuring interval is SO ms up to 2500 ms. 

Note 1. This requires careful and continuous observation. 

First, let us consider batch mixing processes, as exemplified by ordinaiy laboratory practice in solution kinetics. A portion of one solution (say, of the substrate) is added by pipet to a second solution (containing the reagent) in a flask, the flask is shaken to achieve homogeneity, and then samples are withdrawn at known times for analysis, or the solution is subjected to continuous observation as a function of time, for example, by spectrophotometry. For reactions on a time scale (measured by the half-life) of hours or even several minutes, the time consumed in these operations is a negligible portion of the reaction time, but as the half-life of the reaction decreases, it becomes necessary to consider these preliminary steps. Let us distinguish three stages ... 

Very precise studies of this sort can be made by continuous observation of mass changes, as in the use of micro-balances, such as used and described by Gulbransen Such data have quantitative significance only when the exact composition (metal content) of the scale is known or can be determined and when there has been no loss of loose scale during or after the test. Fundamental studies of the initial stages of corrosion when films of a few mono-layers are formed have made use of an ellipsometer to follow the increase of thickness of corrosion products without disturbing the specimen. ... 

Monitoring and Managing Adverse Reactions Managing adverse reactions in patients taking antitubercular drug s is an important responsibility of die nurse The nurse must continuously observe for signs of adverse reactions and immediately report them to tlie primary health care provider. Some information specific to die different antitubercular drug s is provided below. 

Run the reactor continuously. Observe the space-time yield, SPTYC. Set TIMEON = 0, and set FCON to the desired cooling flow rate. 

At about the same time (1962), we succeeded in having a room modified, with installation of padding on walls and floor as well as an adjacent observation station. This was most welcome, since it greatly increased the safety of the volunteers and made continuous observation more practical. 

For visual observation of the cell interior through the sapphire windows a lamp mounted behind one end is used. A mirror and stereo microscope at the other end facilitate the observation. The microscope is equipped with a normal camera or a video camera. Normally the phenomena within the cell are continuously observed and controlled with video camera and colour monitor. A video recorder serves for documentation, for inspection of short time processes and for the production of standing flame pictures for size and shape determination. Instead of the microscope a Jarrell-Ash diode array rapid scan spectrometer can be attached to the cell to obtain flame spectra in the visible and UV-regions. 

Reserve prolonged administration of doses exceeding 24 mg/day for hospitalized patients or patients under continued observation for early detection and management of adverse reactions. An antiparkinsonian agent, such as trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride or benztropine mesylate, is valuable in controlling drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms. 

Continuously observe patients receiving the injection for at least the first 30 minutes following the start of the infusion and at frequent intervals thereafter. 

Hypersensitivity reactions Anaphy act c reactions are rare (approximately 1 in 1000) in patients on cyclosporine injection. Continuously observe patients on IV... 

Kajii, Y K. Someno, H. Tanimoto, J. Hirokawa, and H. Akimoto, Evidence for the Seasonal Variation of Photochemical Activity of Tropospheric Ozone Continuous Observation of Ozone and CO at Happo, Japan, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3505-3508 (1998). 

Helioseismic waves are detected by measuring the Doppler shift of lines in the solar spectrum due to vertical motion of the Sun s surface along the line of sight. With appropriate data-reduction techniques, the frequencies for global oscillations can be determined to an accuracy of 5 ppm. This extreme accuracy requires long-term, continuous observations that are best done by spacecraft such as the joint ESA/NASA SOHO spacecraft, which observes the Sun from the Lagrangian point where the Earth gravity balances that of the Sun. 

Fig. 2 continued). Observed and predicted 0— H frequencies for O—H—— 0 hydrogen bonded, compounds... 

This downhill descent of the wavepacket observed at 266/800 nm appears in figure 2 as monotonic, which should lead to the conclusion that the wavepacket is fully spread when landing on the Z surface. This is not the case, as for the bare molecule, and the coherence of the wave packet can be probed with a laser at 400 nm which allows its continuous observation down to the Z surface[9]. 

Classical Newtonian mechanics assumes that a physical system can be kept under continuous observation without thereby disturbing it. This is reasonable when the system is a planet or even a spinning top, but is unacceptable for microscopic systems, such as an atom. To observe the motion of an election, it is necessary to ilium mate it with light of ultrashort wavelength (gamma rays) momentum is transferred from the radiation to the electron and the particle s velocity is. therefore, continuously disturbed. The effect upon a system of observing it can not be determined exactly, and this means that the state of a system at any time cannot be known with complete precision. As a consequence, predictions regarding the behavior of microscopic systems have to be made on a probability basis and complete certainty can rarely be achieved. This limitation is accepted and is made one of the foundation stones upon which the theory of quantum mechanics is constructed. 

Treatment of sulfonylurea-induced hypoglycemia and of overdose with sulfonylureas has been reviewed (69). If intravenous dextrose is insufficient, octreotide is recommended (70) but not diazoxide. In patients with insulin reserve, dextrose can stimulate insulin secretion and paradoxically worsen the condition. Patients with drug-induced hypoglycemia should not be given glucagon, since it will stimulate insulin secretion. Hypoglycemia can last for up to 5 days. Continued observation is important, because recurrence after temporary recovery is common. 

To a certain extent the practice of discriminative awareness, described above, performs this function. Setting up the watchman, however, provides a more specialized discrimination, paying special attention to certain troublesome kinds of stimuli and taking more active measure when undesirable stimuli are perceived. The watchman robs the reaction of its power early enough to prevent it from gaining any appreciable momentum discriminative awareness allows the reaction to tap into various prepotent needs, even though the continuous observation of it lessens identification and so takes away some of its powe r. 

Color fatigue, or afterimage, is a retina and brain phenomenon in which intense continued observation of a certain visible wavelength will result in brain interpretation of the complementary color when the viewer looks at a white paper. 

Platt C.M.R. and Austin R.T. (2002). Remotely controlled, continuous observations of infrared radiance with the CSIRO/ARM Mark II radiometer of the SGP CART site. Proceedings of the 12th Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Science Team Meeting (St. Petersburg, Florida, April 8-12, 2002), pp. 1-10. 

In 1903 an important addition was made in the form of a special arrangement for purifying the evolved gases by passing them over heated platinum this also included testing lamps for continuous observation of the purity of the gases. 

The measurement of particles or particle collections is achieved by one of two approaches (1) in situ, or quasi-in situ, continuous observation or (2) collection on a medium and subsequent laboratory investigation of the accumulated particulate material. No single method provides a self-consistent, complete physical picture of a particle suspension. For example, the first approach basically assumes that the particles can be treated as inert spheres during the measurement process. The second assumes the accumulation of material on a medium or substrate without modification of the particles. This is known to be a less than satisfactory assumption for particles reacting with the suspensing gas, but no better techniques have been developed. 

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