Phloem powder

Phloem is a common term used to describe the inner layer of the pine tree. As already mentioned phloem powder was used to compensate for the shortage of flour in bread-making during times of famine in Finland and other Nordic... 

When compared to whole meal rye flour (280 kcal/1160 kJ) and to wheat flour (320 kcal/1320 kJ), phloem powder (140 kcal/580 kJ) contains approximately 50% less energy. As is typical for all flours, phloem powder also contains a low amount of fat (total amount 2.3 g/100 g). The protein content of phloem is only 2.5 g (per 100 g), whereas the respective amount in whole meal rye flour is 8.8 g and in wheat flour 12.1 g. The content of carbohydrates in phloem ( 30 g/100 g) is about 50% less than in rye (55 g) and wheat flours (59 g). The relatively low energy, protein and carbohydrate content of phloem when compared with commonly used flours, is related to its high content of different fiber. Detailed nutritional data for phloem and phloem breads used in our trial are presented in Table 14.1. 

Phloem powder is rich in different types of fibers, lignans and polyphenols (Table 14.1). Phloem contains 58 g of fiber per 100 g, of which 51 g is insoluble and a lesser amount ( 7 g) is water-soluble. The total amount of different lignans in phloem is 79.3 mg/100 g, consisting mainly (98%) of secoisolariciresinol. The main flavonoids in phloem are catechins, and the... 

Table 14.1 The nutrient content of phloem powder and study breads per 100 g ...

Nutrient Phloem powder Placebo bread LP bread HP bread... 

Subjects were randomly assigned to consume daily 70 g of normal dried rye bread (placebo group, = 30), rye bread in which 8% of the rye flour was substituted with phloem powder (low phloem, LP, group, = 30) or bread in which 14% of the rye flour was substituted with phloem powder (high phloem, HP, group, n = 15). Study breads used in our study were different in fiber, lignan and catechin content. The nutrient content of the phloem powder and... 

Sulfonylureas are generally formulated as wettable powders or water dispersible granules, and the compounds are readily absorbed by both the roots and foliage of plants. They are translocated by both the phloem and xylem. 

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