Pulp and paper mills

Pulp and paper Pulp and paper industry Pulp and paper mills Pulp bleaching... 

In 1985, the Emanuel Tire Company in Baltimore processed more than 3 x 10 tires into chips, which are mostly sold to pulp and paper mills as a supplemental fuel the remainder is sold to reclaiming facHities or landfiUed. Only 20% of passenger tires are suitable for recapping. Nonrecappable tires are shredded into 5-cm chips. The Emanuel Tire operation is capable of reducing the 5-cm chips to smaller sizes. Shredded waste tire chips can be granulated into very fine wire and fabric-free mbber particles. 

Fig. 31. Steam system of a pulp and paper mill where PRV = pressure reducing valve, DSH = desuperheater, and DA = deaerating. To convert MPa to...

As the sludge age is increased, more of the sludge is oxidized and the net sludge wasted is decreased. If the wastewater contains influent volatile suspended sohds, such as that in a pulp and paper mill, the soHds not oxidized in the process must be added to the net wasted. 

Pulp and paper mill sludges" Expression belt 3 43... 

Parthasaradiy, G., Lovelady, E., Hamad, A.A., Krishrtagopalan, G and El-Halwagi, M.M. (1996). Application of Mass Integration for the Cost-Effective Pollution Prevention in Pulp and Paper Mills. AIChE Annu. Meet., Chicago. 

Recommended Practice Cathodic Protection of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent Clarifiers, RP-01-80, NACE, Houston (1980)... 

Yunker, M.B. and Cretney, W.J. (1996). Dioxins and furans in crab hepatopancreas uses of principle component analysis to classify congener patterns and determine linkages to contamination sources. In M. Servos, K.R. Munkittrick J H. Carey, and G.J. van der Kraak (Eds.) Environmental Fate and Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents. Delray Beach, FL St. Lucie Press, pp. 315-325. 

Saski EK, A Vahatalo, K Salonen, MS Salkinoja-Salonen (1996b) Mesocosm simulation on sediment formation indnced by biologically treated bleached kraft pulp mill wastewater in freshwater recipients. In Environmental Fate and Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents (Eds MR Servos, KR Munlittrick, JH Carey, and GJ van der Kraak), pp. 261-270. St Lucie Press, Delray Beach, FL. 

Other plant-scale applications to pollution control include the flotation of suspended sewage particles by depressurizing so as to release dissolved air [Jenkins, Scherfig, and Eckhoff, Applications of Adsorptive Bubble Separation Techniques to Wastewater Treatment, in Lemlich (ed.). Adsorptive Bubble Separation Techniques, Academic, New York, 1972, chap. 14 and Richter, Internat. Chem. Eng, 16,614 (1976)]. Dissolved-air flotation is also employed in treating waste-water from pulp and paper mills [Coertze, Prog. Water TechnoL, 10, 449(1978) and Severeid, TAPPl 62(2), 61, 1979]. In addition, there is the flotation, with electrolytically released bubbles [Chambers and Cottrell, Chem. Eng, 83(16), 95 (1976)], of oily iron dust [Ellwood, Chem. Eng, 75(16), 82 (1968)] and of a variety of wastes from surface-treatment processes at the maintenance and overhaul base of an airline [Roth and Ferguson, Desalination, 23, 49 (1977)]. 

The pulp and paper industry is characterized by very large facihties of the 514 pulp and paper mills reported by the Bureau of the Census in 1998, 343 (67%) had 100 or more employees. Across all of... 

The integrated pulp and paper industry is among the top 10 U.S. manufacturing industries in value of shipments. The industry shipments amount to 146 billion USD with an employment of 609,480. Individual pulp and paper mills employ only 28% of the workers in the industry, but produce over 40% of the shipments.8... 

The geographic distribution of pulp and paper mills varies according to the type of mill. As there are tremendous variations in the scale of individual facilities, tallies of the number of facilities may not represent the level of economic activity (nor possible environmental consequences). Pulp mills are located primarily in regions of the country where trees are harvested from natural stands... 

Various technologies and chemicals are used to manufacture pulp, but most pulp manufacturing systems contain the process sequence shown in Table 21.4. Overall, most of the pollutant releases associated with pulp and paper mills occur at the pulping and bleaching stages where the majority of chemical inputs occur. 

The types of furnish used by a pulp and paper mill depend on the type of product produced and what is readily available. Urban mills use a larger proportion of secondary fibers due to the postconsumer feedstock being close at hand. More rurally located mills are usually close to timber sources and thus may use virgin fibers in a greater proportion. 

Power boilers at pulp and paper mills are sources of particulate emissions, S02, and NOx. Pollutants emitted from chemical recovery boilers include S02 and total reduced sulfur compounds (TRS). 

Pulp and paper mills use and generate materials that may be harmful to the air, water, and land ... 

The pulp and paper industry is the largest industrial process water user in the U.S.5 In 2000, a typical pulp and paper mill used between 15,140 and 45,420 L (4000 to 12,000 gal) of water per ton of pulp produced. 1 2 3 4 General water pollution concerns for pulp and paper mills are effluent solids, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and color. Toxicity concerns historically occurred from the potential presence of chlorinated organic compounds such as dioxins, furans, and others (collectively referred to as adsorbable organic halides, or AOX) in wastewaters after the chlorination/ extraction sequence. With the substitution of chlorine dioxide for chlorine, discharges of the chlorinated compounds have decreased dramatically. 

Water vapors are the most visible air emission from a pulp and paper mill, but are not usually regulated unless they form a significant obscurement or are a climate modifier. 

At pulp and paper mills, air emissions from both process and combustion units are regulated under the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and the State Implementation Plans (SIP) that enforce the standards. States may implement controls to limit emissions of particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NO ), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and sulfur dioxide (S02). 

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