Phthalates DEHP

Nylon. The high degree of crystallinity in nylon means that plasticization can occur only at very low levels. Plasticizers are used in nylon but are usually sulfonamide based since these are generally more compatible than phthalates. DEHP is 25 phr compatible other phthalates less so. Sulfonamides are compatible up to 50 phr. 

Numerous toxicological studies have been conducted on a variety of plasticizers. However, because di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the most widely used plasticizer and is a well-defined single substance, it is the plasticizer that has been most thoroughly investigated in terms of its toxicology and has often been considered as a model for the other phthalates (36). 

For example, diethyl-hexyl-phthalate DEHP (MW = 392) would... 

The following example is based on a risk assessment of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) performed by Arthur D. Little. The experimental dose-response data upon which the extrapolation is based are presented in Table II. DEHP was shown to produce a statistically significant increase in hepatocellular carcinoma when added to the diet of laboratory mice (14). Equivalent human doses were calculated using the methods described earlier, and the response was then extrapolated downward using each of the three models selected. The results of this extrapolation are shown in Table III for a range of human exposure levels from ten micrograms to one hundred milligrams per day. The risk is expressed as the number of excess lifetime cancers expected per million exposed population. 

Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, DEHP 117-81-7 Rep IB, EDS list (Cat 1) Authorisation list... 

The 18 substances are shown in Table 1. Five of these substances are now (June 2012) included in Annex XIV (Authorisation list) [29]. These substances are the lead-chromate pigments, pigment yellow 34 and pigment red 104, and the phthalates DEHP, DBP and BBP, which all are used as components/additives in some printing inks. As evident from Table 1, cobalt(II) salts and trichloroethylene appear on the Annex XIV candidate list [28], and they are also used as additives in some printing inks. ECHA has recommended in its third recommendation [30] to put these two substances on the Authorisation list [29]. Besides these seven substances of very high concern (SVHC substances) appearing on either the Authorisation list or its candidate list, 11 other substances that meet one or more of the criteria for the candidate list are shown in Table 1. These substances are also... 

To illustrate the LCA method [1] and its relevance for risk-based management of additives, an example is elaborated for a phthalate plasticizer, di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), as used in the application in cushion vinyl floor covering. 

Furthermore, the EU regularly produces and regularly updates the list of substances of high concern, i.e. the SVHC list. The identification of a substance as a SVHC and its inclusion in the candidate list is the first step of the authorization procedure. The European Chemical Agency in Helsinki identifies from the candidate list priority substances to be included in Annex XIV of REACH (the authorisation list). The substances on the candidate list will most probably be liable to stricter regulation in the future (authorisation/banning) which will stimulate the substitution of these chemicals. Currently in June 2012, there are 84 substances included in the candidate list. Examples of chemicals on the candidate list which may be relevant for the leather industry are phenolphthalein, boric acid, cobalt dichloride, dichromate (although not used by leather industry), phthalates (DEHP, DBP and BBP), acrylamide and short-chain chlorinated paraffins. 

Other chemicals that are common in different RSL are phthalates. Phthalates are usually used as softening agents in plastics to obtain the required flexibility. The most common phthalates included on restriction lists for the leather industry are bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), di- isononyl phthalate (DINP), D- isodecyl phthalate (DIDP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP). All these chemicals are included on the SVHC list (Candidate List), and currently (2012) there is a proposal to restrict the placing of products containing DEHP, BBP and DBP on the market in the EU. 

Cheng HF, Kumar M, Lin JG (2010) Assessment of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) removal in attached growth and suspended growth biological treatment systems of a municipal sewage treatment plant. Sep Sci Technol 45 221-227... 

Banat FA, Prechtl S, Bischof F (1999) Experimental assessment of bio-reduction of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) under aerobic thermophilic conditions. Chemosphere 39 2097-2106... 

As well as aiding processing, a major function of plasticisers is to extend the operating temperature range by improving low temperature flexibility. The majority of demand in CR and NBR is satisfied by general purpose phthalate plasticisers di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP). However, a wide variety of speciality plasticisers, mainly esters, are marketed within the rubber industry. The majority of these have linear molecular structures giving them better low temperature performance than the phthalates. Examples of such plasticisers are di-2-ethylhexyl adipate (DOA), butyl carbitol adipate, di(butoxyethoxyethyl) adipate (BCA), and di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate (DOS). 

Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) Diethyl phthalate (DEP) Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) a a O O y Plasticizers in PVC production. Component in the manufacture of cosmetics, inks, and adhesives - SW levels are near to 10 pg L 1 in rivers, between 0.5-1 pg L 1 and in sea water between 0.005-0.7 pg L-1 - US streams 2.5 pg L 1 (DEHP) and 0.25 pg L"1 (DEP) [4] Fast biodegradation under aerobic conditions. Half-life in water 1-15 days Half-life in soils 7 days -several months [65]... 

Fig. 10 Chemical structure of phthalate esters and bisphenol A. DMP dimethyl phthalate DEP diethyl phthalate DBP di-n-butyl phthalate DOP dioctyl phthalate DEHP diethyl-hexyl phthalate BBP butylbenzyl phthalate...

The rapid movement in the global phthalates market away from using plasticisers 2-ethylhexanol (2-EH) and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in favour of alternative products was underscored recently when BASF revealed plans to close its 2-EH and DEHP plants in Germany. The restructuring in Europe will have no effect on BASF s plasticiser portfolio in Nafta and Asia, however, where the company will continue to offer 2-EH and DEHP. About 70% of the plasticiser maiket volume is phthalates, and plasticisers make up about 60% of the plastic additives maiket. PVC accounts for 80-90% of global plasticiser consumption. In October 2003, California added DEHP to the state s list of more than 750 chemicals known to cause birth defects or reproductive harm. Previous studies had shown that the chemical can leach from plastic bags that contain intravenous fluids, blood, tube feedings or other medical treatment, and thereby enter the bodies of patients. 

Phthalate esters orphthalates are molecules predominantly used in commerce to make plastic flexible. The substances produced in highest quantity, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP or DOP), di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) and di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP) are used almost exclusively as plasticisers in flexible PVC. Recently, these phthalates have been the focus of regulatory attention around the... 

We are told that a Scientific Committee of the European Commission has addressed toxicity concerns about PVC plasticised with diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) when used in certain medical applications. It has reached conclusions which differ from those reached by some other organisations. This article discusses the basis for these opinions in detail. 7 refs. 

A report by a scientific advisory panel to Health Canada is one of the most extensive to analyse the possible health risks from di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), a plasticiser used to soften PVC medical products such as bags and tubing. This article gives details of the report, which has concluded that DEHP does pose health risks for some critical groups. 

This item very briefly sums up a recently-published report from EUCOMED (the European medical device industry trade association) on the use of ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) as a plasticiser in PVC medical products, and the risks associated therewith. 

A recent report concerning the possible health hazards of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DINP), both used as plasticisers in flexible vinyl products has concluded that they are safe. This article supplies details of the general recommendations contained in the report. These emphasise the value of the plasticisers and strongly reinforce the need to be sure that regulatory decisions should be made based on sound science in a way that realistically assesses the likely exposure potential of adults and children. 

DeAngelo AB, Garrett CT, Manolukas LA, et al. 1986. Di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP), a relatively ineffective peroxisome inducing straight chain isomer of the environmental contaminant di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), enhances the development of putative preneoplastic lesions in rat liver. Toxicology 41 279-288. 

Dirven HA, Theuws JL, Jongeneelen FJ, et al. 1991. Non-mutagenicity of 4 metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and 3 structurally related derivatives of di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (DEHA) in the salmonella mutagenicity assay. Mutat Res 260 121-130. 

Phthalate esters, particularly, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), are widely used as plasticizers. The total annual U.S. production of phthalate esters was over h00,000 tons in 1970 (1). Many of the applications of phthalate esters such as in construction, home furnishings, the automobile industry, etc. make it likely that they reach the aquatic environment. Since the initial report of the presence of phthalate esters in natural waters and fish in the United States by Mayer and coworkers (2), there have been reports of these chemicals in fish in Canada (3, t) and in Japan (5). The presence of phthalate esters in the ocean waters off the United States and in Gulf of Mexico biota has also been noted (6. ... 

Studies by Saeger and Tucker, however, showed that CO2 evolution from degradation of dibutyl phthalate, DEHP and Santicizer 711 was 85-95% of the theoretical (9). Johnson and coworkers (10) later showed the evolution of from ring labeled DEHP. 

LA (May 10, 1977), Characteristics of Various Hydrosoils and Their Relative Importance in the Biodegradation of Di-2-EthylhejQrl Phthalate (DEHP). 

Jansson et al. [189] were able to use the SX3 Biobeads and a mobile phase of dichloromethane in hexane (1 1) to make a further separation of the chloro-paraffins from lipids and other organochlorine pollutants. Using diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) as a marker, they collected the appropriate fractions to isolate the chloroparaffins and other pollutants. 

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