Photocopier toner

Office - photocopying toner, inks, printed circuit boards, liquid-crystal displays. 

Nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are environmental contaminants which have been detected in airborne particulates, coal fly ash, diesel emission and carbon black photocopier toners. These compounds are metabolized Tn vitro to genotoxic agents through ring oxidation and/or nitroreduction. The details of these metabolic pathways are considered using 4-nitrobiphenyl, 1- and 2-nitronaphthalene, 5-nitro-acenaphthene, 7-nitrobenz[a]anthracene, 6-nitro-chrysene, 1-nitropyrene, 1,3-, 1,6- and 1,8-dinitro-pyrene, and 1-, 3- and 6-nitrobenzo[a] pyrene as examples ... 

A wide variety of nitro PAHs have been isolated from different environmental sources including airborne particulates (27-34), coal fly ash (35-37), diesel emission particulates (38-41) and carbon black photocopier toners (42-43). Their presence has also been suggested in the smoke from nitrate-fortified cigarettes (44). The structures of the most commonly detected nitro PAHs are shown in Figure 1 and in each instance it is the kinetically-favored isomer that is found. 

Stoddard solvent is a petroleum distillate widely used as a dry-cleaning solvent and as a general cleaner and degreaser. It may also be used as paint thinner, as a solvent in some types of photocopier toners, in some types of printing inks, and in some adhesives. Stoddard solvent is considered to be a form of mineral spirits, white spirits, and naphtha however, not all forms of mineral spirits, white spirits, and naphtha are considered to be Stoddard solvent. 

Source. Breakdown product of azobisisobu-tyronitrile used as a blowing agent for the production of vinyl foam by-product of a polymerization catalyst in photocopier toner... 

Carbon black is made by the vapour-phase incomplete pyrolysis of hydrocarbons to produce a fluffy fine powder. Worldwide, about 7 million tons a year are produced. It is used as a reinforcing agent in rubber products such as tyres (20-300 nm), as a black pigment (<20 nm) in printing inks, paints, and plastics, in photocopier toner, and in electrodes for batteries and brushes in motors. 

Another source of chemicals to which we can be exposed, apart from food, is our workplace. This could be a factory where solvents or metals are used or chemicals synthesized, a printing press, a photographic film developer or a scientific laboratory. Even workers in offices can be exposed to photocopier toners, for example. Then there are the chemicals we knowingly imbibe, such as drugs, stimulants like coffee, and of course alcoholic drinks. 

Stoddard Solvent is used mainly in paints and varnishes, in cleaning products, and as a degreasing and extraction solvent. It may also be used in some types of photocopier toners, printing inks, and adhesives. 

Today research does no longer focus on the dendrimer itself but on the multiplication of functional components attached to a dendritic skeleton and new materials with specific properties (redox, ligand, and liquid crystalline properties, biochemical activity. ..) are anticipated. [9] Industry has also shown increasing interest in functional cascade molecules for applications in diverse areas such as medical engineering, agrochemistry, and the development of photocopier toner additives. Concrete applications include nanoscale catalysts [2a],... 

Figure 21.11 Many solvents—used as thinners for paints, coatings, waxes, photocopier toners, adhesives, and printer press inks—contain alkanes and cycloalkanes. 

Stoddard solvent is a multipurpose petroleum solvent (McDermott 1975). Industrial uses include paint vehicles thinning agent for paints, coatings, and waxes printing inks adhesives and as a solvent in liquid photocopier toners (Air Force 1989b McDermott 1975). Stoddard solvent is commonly used at air fields as a degreaser for precision engine parts in machine shops and in automotive repair applications. 

Paper (which is primarily cellulose), printing ink, writing ink, and photocopy toners have all been analyzed by pyrolysis, sometimes independently as pure materials and sometimes intact as a fragment of a document. Zimmerman et al. used pyrolysis-GC to extend the specificity of toner identification in photocopies. Ballpoint pen ink, various papers, and photocopy toners have been analyzed using a combination of headspace sampling and pyrolysis by Wampler and Levy. ... 

When the same analysis is carried out using a sample of paper that was written upon with ballpoint pen, three sets of peaks are produced. Because the ink was applied as a fluid, there may be traces of the liquid or semiliquid vehicle remaining in the sample. In addition, there are the peaks resulting from actual pyrolysis of nonvolatile ink constituents and from the paper itself. Since less ink is applied than in the case for photocopy toner, the peaks from the paper generally make np a larger part of the chromatogram for ink analysis than for toner analysis. 

FIGURE 1.9 Comparison of Kodak (top) and Xerox (bottom) photocopy toners on paper. 

Other applications of Py-GC to synthetic resins include the identification of photocopy toners and surface coatings on currency notes. 

Uses Solvent, vehicle, thinning agent for paints/coatings, waxes, printing inks, adhesives solvent in liq. photocopier toners, dry cleaning degreaser for engine parts in machine and auto repair shops Manuf./Distrib. Fisher Scientific http //WWW. fisherl. com Trade Name Synonyms Envirolite Solvent [Shell http //www.shellchemicais.com]-, Shellsol 9 [Shell... 

Thin-layer chromatography Dye as well as binder components of photocopy toners may be analyzed with the help of TLC. 

Brandi J, James B, and Gutowski SJ (1997) Differentiation and classification of photocopier toners. International Journal of Forensic Document Examiners 3(4) 324—343. 

Merrill R, Bartick E, and Mazzella WD (1996) Studies of techniques for analyzing photocopy toners by IR. Journal of Forensic Sciences 41(2) 264—271. 

Totty RN (1990) Analysis and differentiation of photocopy toners. Forensic Science Review 2(1) 1-23. 

Mass spectrometry using alternative ionization and sample preparation methods are employed in ink and paint analysis. The oldest of these techniques is based on pjnrolysis of the sample (typically, a paint) prior to its introduction into the GC. Detectors for PyGC are and FID. Pyrolysis patterns can be examined in the same way accelerant patterns are (Chapter 10), but increasingly, GCMS is preferred over FID. Pyrolysis is, by definition, destructive, but the sample size is reasonably small, and recently a micropyrolysis GCMS has been developed and applied to photocopier toners and paint. A laser is focused on the sample through a microscope, and the pyrolysis vapor product is directed into the GCMS system. The pattern of the pyrolyzates and chemical composition... 

Tandon, G., Jasuja, O. P., and V. N. Sehgal. "Thin Layer Chromatography Analysis of Photocopy Toners." Forensic Science International 73 (1995), 149-156. 

Andrasko, J. "A Simple Method for Sampling Photocopy Toners for Examination by Microreflectance FTIR." Journal of Forensic Sciences 39 (1994), 226-230. 

Bartick, E. G., et al. "Forensic I iscrirniriation of Photocopy Toners by FTIR Reflectance Spectroscopy," in J. A. de Haseth Fourier Tran orm Spectroscopy 11th International Corference. Athens, GA University of Georgia, 1998. 

Mazzella, W. D., et al. "Classification and Identification of Photocopying Toners by DRIFTS I Preliminary Results." Journal of Forensic Sciences 36 (1991), 449-465. 

Tandon, G., et al. "The Characterization of Photocopy Toners Using FTIR." International Journal of Forensic Document Examination 3 (1997), 119-126. 

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