Phosphates chlorinated alkyl

This technique has been used for the determination of polychlorobiphenyls, polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorodibenzofurans, alkyl phosphates, chlorinated insecticides, organophosphorus insecticides, triazine herbicides. Dacthal insecticide, insecticide/herbicide mixtures, mixtures of organic compounds and organotin compounds in soils, and polyaromatic compounds, polychlorobiphenyls, chlorinated insecticides and organotin compounds in non-saline sediments and anionic surfactants in sludges. 

Many of the organic contaminants which were found in Lippe river water were also present in the source samples (see Table 3). The sewage effluent sample and the Seseke river showed the best accordance with the compound spectrum of the Lippe river. However, also in the two tributaries from the rural upper reaches of the river, numerous specific contaminants like 9-methylacridine (No. 8), alkyl phosphates (Nos. 31, 32) and chlorinated alkyl phosphates (Nos. 34, 36) appeared. In the effluent of a pharmaceutical plant, only a few Lippe river contaminants like n-alkanes (No. 1), naphthalene (No. 3), TXIB (No. 21) and caffeine (No. 67) were detected (see Table 3). Therein, mainly structural relatives of androstanone like 3p-hydroxy-5p-androstan-17-one, 3a-hydroxy-5p-androstan-17-one and androstan-50-3,17-dione were present. These compounds are probably by-products of the synthesis of hormone preparations. Some polycyclic aromatic compounds, halogenated compounds and terpenoids were not detected in the source samples (see the underlined compounds in Table 3) and probably have another origin. Representative sampling of various input sources have to be carried out to prove the origin of these compounds. Hexachlorobutadiene (No. 38) and bis(chloropropyl)ethers (No. 44) appear exclusively at the lower reaches of the Lippe river (see Table 1), downstream the chemical plants in Marl. They are attributed to inputs of the chlorochemical industry (see section 3.1). Hence, this suggests their input by an industrial point source. 

Other examples of chlorinated additives include chlorinated alkyl phosphates with main applications in rigid and flexible polyurethane foams and chlorinated cycloa-liphatics such as dodecachlorodimethanodibenzocydooctane. The latter is used with various synergists such as antimony trioxide and zinc borate in numerous polymers including polyamide, polyolefins, and polypropylene. 

Chlorinated alkyl phosphates such as tris(2flexible polyurethane foams. 

Before the 1960s, products were introduced based on alkyl aryl phosphates that could contain chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons. Such products have now entirely disappeared from commercial use, and the vast majority of the industrial organophosphate esters are based on triaryl phosphates with no halogenated components (Marino 1992). However, at older waste disposal sites, hydraulic fluid site contaminants could contain chlorinated hydrocarbons. As with the PCBs formerly included as additives in other forms... 

This review groups the information published on degradation of the main families of extractants studied in the frame of long-lived minor-actinide and fission-product recovery (1-4) (see Chapter 1) alkyl-phosphorus compounds (phosphates, phosphonic acids, bifunctional compounds like CMPO), amide compounds (dialkyl-amides, malonamides, and diglycolamides), N-donor compounds, and macrocycles like crown ethers and calixarenes (Table 8.1). The multicomponent systems based on the chlorinated cobalt dicarbollide process have not been considered. 

The heat of hydrolysis with water is 74-7 Cals.2 If much water is used the products are orthophosphoric and hydrochloric acids, but when the compound deliquesces in moist air pyrophosphoryl and metaphosphoryl chlorides [q.v.) are formed as intermediate products.3 It is also hydrolysed by hydroxylated organic compounds and is much used for preparing chlorinated derivatives, e.g. C2H5C1 and CH3COCl from C2H5OH and CH3COONa respectively. By this means also alkyl chlorophosphates and alkyl phosphates can be prepared, e.g. —... 

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVQ Foams. Rigid PVC foam is inherently fire retardant because of the high chlorine content (56.7%). Flexible PVC foams present increased fire hazards because of the plasticizers they contain. Flammable plasticizers used include alkyl phthalates, as dioctyl phthalate. Non-burning types include alkyl aryl phosphates (phosphate esters). The latter types should improve resistance to ignition and reduce flame spread when compared to the usual phthalate plasticizers (38) (41). 

The next area which we investigated involves a reaction that is really a variation of the condensation reaction of tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate. If the chlorine-containing group is on one molecule, and the second molecule is a chlorine-free phosphorus ester, the condensation reaction can be conducted to release and alkyl chloride and to form a new phosphorus-containing ester. This... 

C8 alkyl acetate C9 alkyl acetate C10 alkyl acetate C13 alkyl acetate Caprylic acid Castor oil, polymerized Ceteareth-10 Ceteareth-14 Cetylarachidol Chlorinated alpha-olefin, liquid Chlorodiphenyl (54% Cl) 2-Chloroethylmethyldichlorosilane Chloromethyidimethylchlorosilane Chloromethylmethyidichlorosilane Chloromethyltrimethylsilane Chloro-n-paraffin (C8-22) 3-Chloropropylmethyldimethoxysilane Chloropropyltrichlorosilane 3-Chloropropyltriethoxysilane 3-Chloropropyltrimethoxysilane Coconut acid Com (Zea mays) oil Cottonseed (Gossypium) oil 2-Cyanoethyltriethoxysilane 3-Cyanopropyltrichlorosilane Decahydronaphthalene Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane Decamethyltetrasiloxane 1,10-Decanediol Deceth-4 phosphate... 

Trixylenyl phosphate Undecyl dodecyl phthalate Undecyl phthalate plasticizer, PVC cable compounds Diisononyl phthalate plasticizer, PVC film Di (C7-9 alkyl) adipate plasticizer, PVC flexible blends Di-n-C6-C10-alkyl phthalate plasticizer, PVC flooring Butyl benzyl phthalate plasticizer, PVC foam Tris (2,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate plasticizer, PVC plastisols Butyl benzyl phthalate Di (C7-9 alkyl) adipate Di-n-C8-C10-alkyl phthalate plasticizer, PVC wire/cable insulation Trixylenyl phosphate plasticizer, PVC fire-resistant Tris (isopropylphenyl) phosphate plasticizer, PVC PE sealants Chlorinated paraffins (Cl2, 60% chlorine) Chlorinated paraffins (C23, 43% chlorine) plasticizer, raincoats Dioctyl azelate plasticizer, refractory Methylcellulose plasticizer, refractory shapes Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose plasticizer, regenerated cellulose film Glycerin... 

Use of this plasticizer, which is commercially available (Fyrolflex RDP) permits to obtain, non-fogging, flame retarded polyurethane foam. Incorporation of halide (preferably chlorine) in trialkyl plasticizer results in an ignition resistant, UV stable plasticizer. Effect of a plasticizer on heat stability of PVC, flexibility of plasticized material at room and low temperatures is usually balanced by the selection of a required proportion between aryl and alkyl components. Low temperature properties can be improved by alkylphettylation with special attention to isopropyl substituents. Also haze can be eliminated in PVC composition by use of alkylated derivatives (e.g., methylphosphonate). Matty efforts were made by international groups of specialists to analyze reasons for increased toxicity of some phosphates such as tricresyl and triphenyl phosphates. Their extensive findings are reported elsewhere. ... 

Chlorinated phosphorus ester Chlorinated phosphorus ester Alkyl phosphate aryl carboxylate ester... 

Hypochlorites of sodium, calcium, and lithium, and chlorinated trisodium phosphate involve chlorine in their production. Sodium hypochlorite of about 5% strength finds extensive use in the household bleach market and in residential swimming pools, and 15% sodium hypochlorite, an industrial bleach, is used for water treatment in municipal and industrial plants. Sodium hypochlorite is made by reacting chlorine with caustic soda. Calcium hypochlorite is mainly used as a swimming pool chemical. Aluminum chloride, produced from chlorine and aluminum or alumina, is used as a catalyst (for alkyl and ethyl benzenes, dyestuffs, ethyl chloride, and hydrocarbon resin production) and also in the production of pharmaceuticals and titanium dioxide. 

Antimony oxide works synergistically with reactive or additive halogenated compounds to improve the flame-retarding effect of the halogens so that less of the halogenated compound needs to be used, with consequently less effect on physical properties. Antimony oxide is effective when used in combination with such organic flame-retardant compounds as chlorinated paraffins, chlorinated cycloaliphatics, aromatic bromine compounds, alkyl chlorine, or bromine and phosphates. It is used in such resins as ABS, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, thermoplastic polyester (PBT), and unsaturated polyesters. 

Phosphorus containing flame retardants are used as phosphates, phosphonates, phosphines and phosphinic oxides. Halogen-containing phosphate esters such as bromine and chlorine in the form of tris (halogen alkyl) phosphates are popular [33]. The effects of phosphorus and brominated additives on flexible PU foam were compared [179]. Melamine has broad utility as a flame retardant additive in flexible PU foams [180]. 

---