Phenotypical identification

Phenotype identifies those physical and physiological characteristics that define the species as being distinct from related microorganisms. Besides the classical methods described in Chapter 15, several additional methods are available to identify microorganisms isolated from grapes or wines. 

---

This diverse set of biosensing experimental demonstrations illustrates the flexibility of the OFRR device. Nearly any biomolecular recognition event can be detected. The examples illustrated with the previously described experiments include DNA sequence detection and virus detection through surface proteins. Additional biosensing examples for which the OFRR is well-suited include site-specific cleavage, protein-protein interactions, and cell genotype/phenotype identification through receptors. Furthermore, as shown by the theory outlined above, the OFRR can be accurately and precisely quantitative. 

Deviiese LA, Pot B, Collins MD (1993) Phenotypic identification of the genus Enterococcus and differentiation of phylogeneticaUy distinct enterococcal species and species groups. J Appl Bacteriol 75 399 08... 

Enzyme Standards. Enzyme electrophoresis has proliferated with Increased genetic profiling for medical and forensic use. Standards for enzyme analyses In the form of defined kits containing banks of enzymes of different Isoenzyme patterns are not commercially available. For the most part, forensic laboratories use Individuals from within their own laboratories who have known phenotypes for the enzymes of Interest. Such donors become de facto standards. The Interlaboratory exchange of samples and rigorous continued training In enzyme phenotype Identification will Improve this standards base. 

In summary, gene knockout mouse technology has allowed us to determine the function of cell surface carbohydrates in mouse embryos in recent years. Some glycosyltransferases-deficient mutant mouse showed severe phenotypes, including embryonic lethality. However, we have not yet identified the mechanisms underlying these phenotypes. Identification of critical carbohydrate structure (s), specific proteins carrying specific carbohydrate structure(s), and the counter-receptors for those carbohydrates should be identified in future studies. 

Ellepola, AJSl., Hurst, S.F., Ehe, CM., Morrison, C.J. (2003) Rapid and unequivocal differentiation of Candida dubli-niensis from other Candida species using species-specific DNA probes comparison with phenotypic identification methods. Oral Microbiol. Immunol, 18(6), 379-388. 

Cherkaoui A, Hibbs J, Emonet S, Tangomo M, Girard M, Francois P, Schrenzel J. Comparison of two matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry methods with conventional phenotypic identification for routine identification of bacteria to the speeies level. J Clin Microbiol. 2010 48(4) 1169-75. doi 10.1128/JCM.01881-09. 

Knocking out genes and identification of mutations in the human genes provide information on the role of AQPs in normal physiology. The lack of some AQPs directly results in a disease phenotype, while the physiological role of many becomes clear when the putative function is challenged. 

The ultimate goal of microarray-based expression analysis is to acquire a comprehension of the entire cellular process, in order to exploit and to standardize the multidi-menisional relations between genotype and phenotype. However, an increasingly important parameter, which has not yet been substantially taken into account, is the role of cellular translation. This means that mRNA expression data need to be correlated with the assortment of proteins actually present in the cell. One approach is based on the use of microarrays containing double-stranded DNA probes for the analysis of DNA-protein interaction and, thus, the detection and identification of DNA-binding proteins by means of fluorescence [130] or mass spectrometry analysis [131]. Moreover, substantial efforts are currently under way to develop protein, antibody, or even cell arrays, applicable to the cor-... 

The complexity of the genetic basis of DPD deficiency implies that the identification of patients at high risk of 5-FU toxicity is mostly based on phenotypic procedures. These methods are not suitable for general use and concomitant drags, dietary intake and other environmental factors could reduce their predictive power in cases of partial DPD deficit. 

As alluded to already, a major problem inherent in neuropharmacologic research is the lack of phenotypic changes that are clearly associated with treatment response this difficulty is particularly evident for mood-stabilizing agents [9]. In the absence of suitable animal models, studies have attempted to overcome this experimental hurdle by employing paradigms that involve the identification of com-... 

Different EHEC serotypes are often found in ruminant populations, but most of the research to elucidate the effect of feed type on EHEC prevalence has been based on serotype 0157 H7. The preference for this pathogenic strain is due to its public health importance, its unique phenotypic characteristics that allow a relatively easy identification compared to other serotypes and the fact that ruminants are its most important natural reservoir. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) are a larger group that includes EHEC and have also been found in ruminant populations in relatively large prevalence. Because the pathogenicity of most STEC has not been proven, we will focus our discussion on serotype 0157 H7. 

---