Using Arthrobacter species

In preliminary communication of their work, a Russian group identified a number of Nocardia and Arthrobacter species that oxidized 3-meth-ylpyridine to nicotinic acid (162) but did not report the use of any related alkaloids as substrates. 

Considerable effort based on research work initiated in the 1950s resulted in enzyme technology able to convert glucose to fructose on a commercial scale.32 34 Current production of high-fructose syrups generally uses immobilized, rather than soluble, enzymes. Sources of the enzyme include Streptomyces, Bacillus, Actinoplanes and Arthrobacter species. 

Liras 3 used an OV-17 column for Investigations on the metabolism of morphine and codeine by Arthrobacter species, and gave the gas chromatographic parameters of eight oxidized compounds, found as metabolites (14-hydroxymorphine, 14-hydroxymorphinone, 14-hydroxydihydro-morphinone, dihydromorphinone, codeinone, 14-hydroxycodeine, 14-hydroxycodeionone and 14-hydroxydihydrocodeinone). 

Adsorption chromatography was used to isolate a -1,3-D-glucanase possessing high lytic activity from culture fluids of an Arthrobacter species, whereas a /9-1,3-D-glucanase possessing much less lytic activity was not adsorbed. ... 

Typically, sterol concentrations of 3 to 4 g l 1 are used and incubation times of about lOOh. Yields are dependent upon the species and substrates used. Some data relating to the yields of l,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione from various sterols and steroids using cultures of Arthrobacter simplex are reported in Table 9.3. 

Reports on a few other desulfurization organisms also exists, including Nocardia [98], S. acidocaldarius [5,99], Arthrobacter [100], R. toruloides, [101], C. elegans [102], Klebsiella spp. [103], and Alcaligenes xylosoxydans strain deposited with the ATCC under PTA-4669 [104], A S. acidocaldarius species was reported to desulfurize DBT and produce sulfate [5], A similar strain was later used to study the DBT desulfurization [99] in complex media using tryptone however, the authors reported that the strain was not active when grown on sucrose. It was apparently inhibited by DBT and also affected by the interface in oil-water mixtures [105],... 

The strains used are either wild types or mutants. Wild types from the genera Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium and Microbacterium are mostly employed in glutamic acid and alanine production 48). The yields, depending on the carbon source and bacterial species, are between 10-80%. Other amino acids are also accumulated in wild types however, yields are lower. 

Biological Removal Six species of bacteria, each capable of metabolizing limonoids, have been isolated from soil by enrichment using limonoids as carbon sources. They are Arthrobacter globiformis (34), Pseudomonas 321-18 (35), Arthrobacter globiformis II (36), Bacterium 342-152-1, Corynebacterium fasclans (37) and Aclnetobacter sp. (38). Based on the metabolites and enzymes produced by these species of bacteria, five metabolic pathways of limonoids have been established in bacteria (3)(Fig. 4). 

Chondroitin sulphate and methylated chondroitin methyl ester, modified by oxidation with bromide-water or by reduction with sodium borohydride, have been used as substrates for chondroitinases from Arthrobacter and Flavobac-tenum species. 

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