Solids, nature

Basche T and Moerner W E 1992 Optical modification of a single impurity molecule in a solid Nature 355 335-7... 

W, D J Willock, C R A Catlow, J M Thomas and G J Hutchings 1996. De Novo Design of icture-directing Agents for the Synthesis of Microporous Solids. Nature 382 604-606. 

Adamantane (CAS No 281-23-2) l-tricyclo[3.3.1.1 ]decane is a cage hydrocarbon with a white or almost white crystalline solid nature, like solid wax, at normal conditions. Its odor resembles that of camphor. It is a stable and nonbiodegradable compound that is combustible due to its hydrocarbon nature. It has not been found to be hazardous or toxic to living entities [14, 15]. It should be pointed out that adamantane can exist in gas, liquid, and two solid crystalline states. 

In another example, a polymer-supported chromium porphyrin complex was supported on ArgoGel Cl and then employed for the ring-opening polymerization of 1,2-cyclohexene oxide and C02 [95], This complex showed higher activity than a C02-soluble equivalent, and the solid nature of the catalyst meant that recycling of the catalyst was much easier. 

In addition to the criticisms from Anderman, a further challenge to the application of SPEs comes from their interfacial contact with the electrode materials, which presents a far more severe problem to the ion transport than the bulk ion conduction does. In liquid electrolytes, the electrodes are well wetted and soaked, so that the electrode/electrolyte interface is well extended into the porosity structure of the electrode hence, the ion path is little affected by the tortuosity of the electrode materials. However, the solid nature of the polymer would make it impossible to fill these voids with SPEs that would have been accessible to the liquid electrolytes, even if the polymer film is cast on the electrode surface from a solution. Hence, the actual area of the interface could be close to the geometric area of the electrode, that is, only a fraction of the actual surface area. The high interfacial impedance frequently encountered in the electrochemical characterization of SPEs should originate at least partially from this reduced surface contact between electrode and electrolyte. Since the porous structure is present in both electrodes in a lithium ion cell, the effect of interfacial impedances associated with SPEs would become more pronounced as compared with the case of lithium cells in which only the cathode material is porous. 

Because of the semi-solid nature of the reaction mixture the use of a large football stirring bar (19 x 51 mm) or a mechanical stirrer is recommended. 

Wasan DT, Nikolov AD (2003) Spreading of nanofluids on solids. Nature 423 156-159... 

Obviously, it is actually the total organic mass consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, etc. within the solid phase that acts to sorb the chemical of interest (i.e., the fom in kg om kg-1 solid). Natural organic matter is typically made up of about half carbon (40 to 60% carbon) hence, fom approximately equals 2-f and these two metrics are reasonably correlated. 

Hydrocarbon - An organic chemical compound containing the elements carbon and hydrogen. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are straight chain compounds and aromatic hydrocarbons are based on the cyclic or benzene ring. They may be gaseous, (methane, ethylene, butadiene) liquid (hexane, benzene) or solid (natural rubber, naphthalene, cis-polybutadiene). 

Natural carbonate minerals do not form from pure solutions where the only components are water, calcium, and the carbonic acid system species. Because of the general phenomenon known as coprecipitation, at least trace amounts of all components present in the solution from which a carbonate mineral forms can be incorporated into the solid. Natural carbonates contain such coprecipitates in concentrations ranging from trace (e.g., heavy metals), to minor (e.g., Sr), to major (e.g., Mg). When the concentration of the coprecipitate reaches major (>1%) concentrations, it can significantly alter the chemical properties of the carbonate mineral, such as its solubility. The most important example of this mineral property in marine sediments is the magnesian calcites, which commonly contain in excess of 12 mole % Mg. The fact that natural carbonate minerals contain coprecipitates whose concentrations reflect the composition of the solution and conditions, such as temperature, under which their formation took place, means that there is potentially a large amount of information which can be obtained from the study of carbonate mineral composition. This type of information allied with stable isotope ratio data, which are influenced by many of the same environmental factors, has become a major area of study in carbonate geochemistry. 

The intramolecular potential energy is usually not considered for simple molecules, but it should be considered for molecules like C02 because of possible bond stretching and bending [60], The third one depends on the solid nature and on the pore shape. In the case of carbon materials with slit-shaped pores, a Steele 10-4-3 potential can be used for solid-fluid interaction ... 

The single-stage supercritical fluid extraction process for solid natural materials is shown schematically in Figure I. The solvent is conveyed from the low pressure to the high pressure by a pump or compressor V. Extraction is at pressure p and temperature t in extractor E, where the soluble substances are transferred from the natural material to the solvent. Normally, the extractor consists of several autoclaves connected in series in the solvent flow. In throttle valve D the solvent loaded with extract is relaxed to the lower pressure. The extract is separated from the solvent in separator A at separation pressure p and temperature t. Heat exchangers WI, W2 and W3 are installed to achieve the desired temperatures. 

Figure 1. Supercritical fluid extraction process for solid natural materials.

This contribution deals with thermodynamics and kinetics of charge carriers in solids in the case of zero or non-zero electrical or chemical driving forces. It does not intend to repeat well-known electrochemical principles, however, it intends to underline the special situation in solids by, on one hand, emphasizing characteristic aspects due to the solid nature, but on the other hand, stressing the common and generalizing aspects of the picture whenever it appears necessary. This also implies that specific solid state aspects (such as structural details, anisotropies or strain effects) are neglected whenever their influence is not indispensable for the understanding. 

Distribution costs depend on plant location, physical state of the material (whether liquid, gas, or solid), nature of the material (whether corrosive, explosive, flammable, perishable, or toxic), freight rates, and labor costs. Distribution costs may be affected by any of the following new methods of materials handling, safety regulations, productivity agreements, wage rates, transportation systems, storage systems, quality, losses, and seasonal effects. 

The principles behind resonance US measurements differ depending on the liquid or solid nature of the sample. 

The ancient writers spoke something of a perpetual fire, which was of a solid nature, and endureth even under water, but it was exploded as an idle chimaera though the same has since been actually discover d (...) and many of the other things related to natural magic will appear much more incredible to those unacquainted with the experiments, than that lead should loose its natural form, and be converted into gold. 

The solid nature of the excipient may influence the final physical form of the tablet (Byrn et al. 2001), such as a tendency to stick (Schmid et al. 2000), or may induce a polymorphic conversion of the active ingredient (Kitamura et al. 1994). Hence, there have been attempts to develop protocols for the selection of compatible active ingredient-excipient compositions (Serajuddin et al. 1999). For instance, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been employed to study the structural changes in epichlorohydrin cross-linked high amylose starch excipient (Shiftan et al. 2000), and has also been used to discriminate between two polymorphs of prednisolone present in tablets with excipients, even at low concentrations (5 per cent w/w) of the active ingredient (Saindon et al. 1993). The characterization of excipients by thermal methods has also been reviewed by Giron (1997). 

Sveijensky D. A. (1992) Linear free energy relations for predicting dissolution rates of solids. Nature 358, 310-313. 

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