Harbor sediments

The widespread use of many metals such as silver, cadmium, copper, mercury, nickel, lead, and zinc has resulted in their accumulation in the environment. Sediments are often the repositories of toxic metals (e.g.. Table 15-2). For example, copper is used as an anti-biofouling agent in marine paints and many harbor sediments contain markedly elevated levels of copper. 

Tal Y, JEM Watts, HJ Svchreier (2005) Anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and related activity in Baltimore inner harbor sediment. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 1816-1821. 

Coates JD, J Woodward, J Allen, P Philip, DR Lovley (1997) Anaerobic degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkanes in petroleum-contaminated marine harbor sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 3589-3593. 

Error 2 The use of CRMs is mentioned, but the type of CRMs not mentioned, nor the results of their analysis. Hellou et al. (1999) determined PCBs, DDTs, chlorda-nes, dibenzo-p-dioxins (ds), dibenzofurans (Fs), PAHs and sulphur heterocycles in marine harbor sediments. 

Hellou j, Mackay D and Banoub J (1999) Levels, persistence and bioavaUability of organic contaminants present in marine harbor sediments impacted by raw sewage. Chemosphere 38 457-473. 

Rotterdam Harbor sediment 4.6% OC, batch sorption equilibrium, Hegeman et al. 1995)... 

Hegeman, W.J.M., van der Weijden, C.H., Loch, J.P.G. (1995) Sorption of benzo[a]pyrene and phenanthrene on suspended harbor sediment as a function of suspended sediment concentration and salinity A laboratory study using the cosolvent partition coefficient. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 363-371. 

Pain, A. and J.J. Cooney. 1998. Characterization of organotin-resistant bacteria from Boston Harbor sediments. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 35 412-416. 

Booij, K. Hoedemaker, J.R. Bakker, J.F. 2003b, Dissolved PCBs, PAHs, and HCB in pore waters and overlying waters of contaminated harbor sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 4213 220. 

Fig. 16.33 Simultaneous (a) toluene conversion and (b) AQDS reduction by Amsterdam petroleum harbor sediment in anaerobic culture bottles containing bicarbonate-buffered basal medium, supplemented with 25 mM AQDS. The unsupplemented control was prepared in the same manner but without AQDS. The endogenous control (without toluene addition) contained the same amount of hexadecane (0.2% [vol/vol]) as that used for toluene addition. AQDS reduction was quantified spec-trophotometiicaUy as the increase in absorbance at 450 nm. Data are means and standard deviations for tiiphcate incubations in each treatment. Arrows indicate the addition of fresh medium containing AQDS and toluene in depleted bioassay mixtures. (Cervantes et al. 2001) Reprinted with permission. Copyright American Society for Microbiology...

A pilot-scale demonstration remediating harbor sediment was conducted 1 year before the SITE demonstration. Based on the pilot-scale demonstration, the processing costs for a fuU-scale, 110-ton/day unit were projected to be 230/ton (September 1992 U.S. dollars). It is assumed that the unit will be down approximately 30% of the time for maintenance and design improvements in the first year of operation. Based on this system availability, 28,105 tons can be processed in one year. This cost included estimates for variable costs, fixed costs, and deprecia-tion/insurance. Variable costs include diesel fuel for a mobile generator, hydrogen, and caustic. Fixed costs include labor diesel fuel for pumps, heaters, process equipment, and instrumentation propane, water and sewer and parts and supplies. Depreciation/insurance costs include capital cost depreciated over a 3-year period, general insurance costs, and pollution liabihty insurance. This analysis does not include costs for setup and demobilization (D128007, pp. 5.12-5.14). 

Stronkhorst, J., Leonards, P., Mrrrk, A.J. (2002). Using the dioxin receptor-CALUX in vitro bioassay to screen marine harbor sediments for compounds with a dioxin-hke mode of action. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 21, No. 12, 2552-2561. 

Stronkhorst Joost, Cor Schipper, Jos Brils, Marco Dubbeldam, Jaap Postma, Nelly van de Hoeven (2003). Using marine bioassays to classify the toxicity of Dutch harbor sediments.. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry, 22 (7) 1535-47. 

In general, turnover rates tend to be faster in soils and sediments with long-term exposure to PAHs, but Shiaris (1989a,b) made the interesting observation that high rates of benzoMpyrene degradation in Boston Harbor sediments — with a significant history of PAH exposure - resulted in the production of considerable... 

Ghosh, U., Gilette, J. S., Luthy, R. G., and Zare, R. N. (2000). Microscale location,characterization, and association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on harbor sediment particles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34,1729-1736. 

Stronkhorst, J., Schot, M.E., Dubbeldam, M.C. and Ho, K.T. (2003) A toxicity identification evaluation of silty marine harbor sediments to characterize persistent and non-persistent constituents, Marine Pollution Bulletin 46, 56-64. 

Lee, F.Y. and Kittrick, J.A. (1984) Elements associated with the cadmium phase in a harbor sediment as determined with the electron beam microprobe.J. Environ. Qual., 13,337. 

Offshore Grand Haven sediment, nearshore Grand Haven sediment, Benton Harbor sediment, by batch equilibrium-sorption isotherm, Voice Weber 1985)... 

Ho KT, McKinney RA, Kuhn A, Pelletier MC, Burgess RM. 1997. Identification of acute toxicants in New Bedfordshire harbor sediments. Environ Toxicol Chem 16 551-558. 

Rothermich, M. M., Hayes, L. A. Lovley, D. R. (2002). Anaerobic, sulfate-dependent degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in petroleum-contaminated harbor sediment. Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 4811-17. 

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