Compost using

Ecotoxicity of compost using a minimum of two species of plants... 

Suehara, K., Nakano, Y. and Yano, T. (2001) Simultaneous measurement of carbon and nitrogen content of compost using near infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 9, 35 1. 

Govi, M., Ciavatta, C., and Gessa, C. (1994). Evaluation of the stability of the organic matter in slurries, sludges and composts using humification parameters and isoelectric focusing. In Humic Substances in the Global Environment and Implications on Human Health, Senesi, N., and Miano,T. M., eds., Amsterdam, 1311-1316. 

Chaney, R.L., Ryan, J.A., Kukier, U., Brown, S.L., Siebielec, G., Malik, M., and Angle, J.S. 2001. Heavy metal aspects of compost use. In Compost Utilization in Horticultural Cropping Systems. Stoffella, P.J. and Kahn, B.A. (Eds). Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 323-59. 

Besides respiratory allergies with hay-fever-like symptoms and asthma in atopic individuals, continuous occupational basidiospore exposure may result in hypersensitivity pneumonitis or extrinsic allergic alveolitis. The basidiomycetes Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Merulius lacrymans have all been shown to cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis from occupational exposure [26-28]. Actinomycetes in the compost used to grow button mushroom... 

Pinamonti, F., Nicolini, G., Dalpiaz, A., Stringari, G. and Zorzi, G. (1999) Compost use in viticulture Effect on heavy metal levels in soil and plants. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal, 30, 1531-1549. 

Derikx PJ, Simons FH, OP Den Camp HJ, et al. 1991. Evolution of volatile sulfur compounds during laboratory-scale incubations and indoor preparation of compost used as a substrate in mushroom cultivation. Appl Environ Microbiol 57(2) 563-567. 

You can make your own worm composter, using stackable storage boxes, wire mesh, a drain cock, and synthetic carpet for a lid, but the simplest way to get started is to buy a readymade kit, complete with a supply of the same kind of worms that normally live in well-rotted manure or compost heaps. 

When horse manure is used as the basic starting ingredient, the compost is considered a "horse manure compost" whereas "synthetic compost" refers to a compost using no horse manure. Straw, sometimes mixed with hay, is the base ingredient in synthetic composts. Because straw is low in potassium and phosphorus, these elements must be provided by supplementation and for this reason chicken manure is the standard additive for synthetic composts. No composts are made exclusively of hay because of its high cost and small fiber. In fact, mushroom growers have traditionally used waste products because they are both cheap and readily available. 

The one major exception to the above statements is in the highly specialized art of mushroom growing, where either stable manure or compost is essential. The method of preparing these composts, given by Sinden (1938) and Lambert (1941), is somewhat different than for composts used for other purposes but need not be given here. The total amount of compost used for this purpose is comparatively small. 

Although there is suitable pasture for grazing in Verava, there is less animal husbandry than in other parts of the Ibiiina territory. Five farms in Verava raised horses or mules and several other farmers used horse manure as compost. However, no data could be found to verify this observation. Poultry keeping was found as a large-scale operation in one rural enterprise and poultry waste was previously one of the most affordable methods of compost used but the organic certification authorities recently banned this practice. 

Chapter 5 gives an overview of the composting process and methods, including up-to-date standardized guidelines for evaluating compostabihty of polymer materials. It also contains information about compost quality standards as well as the description of certification systems for compostability used in different regions in the world (Eirrope, USA, Japan). 

K. Suehara, Y. Nakano, T. Yano. Simultaneous measurement of the carbon and nitrogen content of compost using near-infrared Spectroscopy. J Near Irtfrared Spectrosc 9(1) 35 1,2001. 

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