Food contamination Pesticides

Wan Mt, Szeto S, Price P. 1994. Organophosphorus insecticide residues in farm ditches of the lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia. J Environ Science and Health Part B, Pesticides Foods Contaminants and Agricultural Waste, 29(5) 917-949. 

Suffet coedited with M. J. McGuire ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES No. 202, Treatment of Water by Granular Activated Carbon, as well as a two-volume set, Activated Carbon Adsorption of Organics from the Aqueous Phase. He also edited a two-volume treatise, The Fate of Pollutants in the Air and Water Environments he was a journal editor for a special issue of the Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A—Environmental Science and Engineering and he served on the editorial board of the companion journal, Journal of Environ-mental Science and Health, Part B—Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes. He serves on the editorial boards of the journals Chemosphere and CHEMTECH. He is now completing a 4-year term as treasurer of the ACS Division of Environmental Chemistry. 

Malaiyandi was a journal editor and served on the editorial board of a special issue of the Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B—Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes. Malaiyandi has coauthored more than 50 research papers on environmental and agricultural chemistry. He was an Adjunct Professor of Chemistry at Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, and is a member of several professional societies. 

Antonious, C.F. and Kochhar, T.S. (2003) Zingiberene and curcumene in wild tomato. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B, Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes 38(4), 489-500. Bartley, J.P. (1 995) A new method for the determination of pungent compounds in ginger (Zingiber officinale). 

Prelusky, D.B., Hartin, K.E., Trenholm, H.L. (1990). Distribution of deoxynivalenol in cerebral spinal fluid following administration to swine and sheep. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B, Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes 25 395 13. 

Thacker, N. R, et al. (1997). Removal technology for pesticide contaminants in potahle water. J. Environ. Science Health, Part B Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes. 32, 4, 483 96. 

Eismann F, Glindemann D, Bergmann A, Kuschk P (1997) Balancing phosphine in manure fermentation. J Environ Sci Health B - Pesticides, food contaminants and agricultural wastes 32 955-968... 

Lecavalier PR, Chu I, Villeneuve D, et al. 1994. Combined effects of mercury and hexachlorobenzene in the rat. Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part B Pesticides. Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes 29(5) 951-961. 

Souza, D. A. and Langas, E. M., Solventless sample preparahon for peshcides analysis in environmental samples by SPME-HRGC/MS, J. Environ. Sci. Health B-Pesticides, Food contaminants, 38, 417-428, 2003. 

Ye, Y.L., ZamaUoa, C., Lin, H.J., Yan, M., Schmidt, D., Hu, B., 2015. Evaluation of anaerobic co-digestion of dairy manure with food wastes via bio-methane potential assay and CSTR reactor. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B — Pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes 50 (3), 217—227. 

Despite the use of 2.5 million tons of pesticide worldwide, approximately 35% of potential crop production is lost to pests. An additional 20% is lost to pests that attack the food post-harvest. Thus, nearly one-half of all potential world food supply is lost to pests despite human efforts to prevent this loss. Pesticides, in addition to saving about 10% of world food supply, cause serious environmental and public health problems. These problems include human pesticide poisonings fish and bird kills destruction of beneficial natural enemies pesticide resistance contamination of food and water with pesticide residues and inadvertent destruction of some crops. 

Children can be exposed to endosulfan by eating food contaminated with the pesticide, by accidentally ingesting the pesticide if it is stored around the house, or by breathing air contaminated with the pesticide if it is sprayed on nearby fields. There are no known unique exposure pathways for children. We do not know if children s intake of endosulfan per kilogram of body weight is different than that of adults. 

Waller K, Prendergast TJ, Slagle A, et al. 1992. Seizures after eating a snack food contaminated with the pesticide endrin The tale of the toxic taquitos. The Western Journal of Medicine 157(6) 648-651. 

There are few studies that specifically describe the effects of heptachlor or heptachlor epoxide in humans following exposure via the oral, inhalation, or dermal routes. There are data on the health effects of chlordane from occupational studies of pesticide applicators and manufacturers, and from studies of people who consumed food contaminated with chlordane and heptachlor. Chlordane is a pesticide that is structurally similar to heptachlor, and technical-grade preparations may contain... 

Pesticide residues were analyzed in 183 milk samples from 165 Finnish women. Heptachlor was found in 12% of the samples heptachlor epoxide was found in 6.6%. Five percent of the samples contained levels of heptachlor epoxide in excess of 0.0005 mg/kg body weight, an acceptable daily intake (Mussalo-Rauhamaa et al. 1988). Fifteen milk and fat specimens from residents of Grand Forks, British Columbia, and 16 milk and 17 fat specimens from residents of Prince George, British Columbia, were analyzed for pesticide residues. Heptachlor epoxide was found in one milk sample and nine fat samples in the Grand Forks group (>0.004 ppm) and in no milk samples and two fat samples in the Prince George group (>0.004 ppm) (Larsen et al. 1971). The residue was not detectable at levels lower than 0.004 ppm because of limitations of the analytical methods and faulty techniques. It is possible that the potential exposure of the residents to heptachlor may also have occurred via food contaminated with heptachlor. 

Keywords Biotoxins, Coccidiostats, Food contaminants, LC-MS/MS, Nanomaterials antibiotics, Perfluorinated compounds. Pesticides, Polybrominated diphenylethers... 

In this section, emerging food contaminants with industrial origin, including perfluorinated compounds, polybrominated compounds, new pesticides, and nanomaterials will be discussed. 

Nowadays HPLC is widely used for analytical determination of a large number of food contaminants. A number of recent works well review HPLC determination of major food contaminants such as mycotoxins [640-643], antimicrobial residues [644-646], residues of growth promoters [647], pesticide residues [648-651], and nitrosamines [652-654]. 

Once the public had their attention drawn to the chemicals to which they were being exposed, it is hardly surprising that they formd plenty to worry about. There are 75,000-90,000 synthetic chemicals in use, many of which have never been a subject of intensive toxicological testing. Even fewer have been subject to thorough enviromnental impact assessments. These facts were emphasised to the public, especially by some of the NGOs. Virtually, the only time members of the public heard or read about individual chemicals in the media was when they were mentioned as part of scare stories— pesticides in food, contaminants in tap and botded water, side effects of drugs and so... 

Organophosphate and carbamate cholinesterase inhibitors (see Chapter 7) are widely used to kill insects and other pests. Most cases of serious organophosphate or carbamate poisoning result from intentional ingestion by a suicidal person, but poisoning has also occurred at work (pesticide application or packaging) or, rarely, as a result of food contamination or terrorist attack (eg, release of the chemical warfare nerve agent sarin in the Tokyo subway system in 1995). 

Another Commonwealth government agency also involved in residue monitoring is the Market Basket Survey within ANZFA. This agency is responsible for the Australian Total Dietary Survey that estimates the total dietary burden of pesticides and contaminants. This agency examines levels in food purchased from retail outlets in all capital cities throughout a calendar year. In this way, ANZFA is able to estimate the residues contained in the average Australian diet. 

SM Walters. Preliminary evaluation of high-performance liquid chromatography with photoconductivity detection for the determination of selected pesticides as potential food contaminants. J Chromatogr 259 227-242, 1983. 

Immunotechniques have recently been developed to detect food contaminants, e.g., toxins, growth hormone, antibiotics, pesticides, and herbicides. Penicillin (62) in milk, aflatoxins and mycotoxins (63, 64, 65) in milk, cheeses, yogurt, corn have been detected by immunosensors. Characteristics of protein and receptors in or on the cell surface were used in detecting pathogens such as Listeria and Salmonella by immunosensors (11, 66). The principle of immunosensors has also been applied in pesticide determinations (67, 68). 

Limit food contamination by pesticides present in the environment. It is important to recognise that the use of pesticides near to crops and farm animals, and in factories concerned with food production, can lead to residues in food. Obviously this can be particularly difficult to detect if surveillance for residues looks mainly for those pesticides used directly on crops or farm animals. The remedy is to extend surveillance and to remind users to be very careful to avoid adventitious contamination of food at all stages of production right through to marketing. 

Until very recently the risks associated with different types of chemicals such as food additives, pesticides, environmental contaminants and natural constituents of food were assessed and managed separately. However, a particular substance might fall into two or more of these categories and so the opportunity for simultaneous exposure might be overlooked. Furthermore, exposure to a chemical could occur through diet, drinking water, air pollution or dermal absorption. Aggregate exposure assessment aims to take all of the possible sources and routes of exposure into account in a realistic manner and thereby obtain a better overall estimate of risk. Initiatives have been set up in both the... 

Where analytical methods are available it is largely because of a crossfertilisation of effort from well-established areas of food contaminants work. For example, the steady development since the 1960s of methods of analysis for chlorinated pesticides led to the analysis of food for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) since PCBs were readily detectable by general methods used to analyse food for organochlorine pesticides. The analysis of food for chlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDDs and PCDFs) at the very low levels at which they are found in food is a more recent development, and one that is an important precedent since it arose from interest in environmental contamination rather than because of cross-fertilisation of scientific methodology from an established area of food chemistry. Although dioxins were detectable some years ago at much less sensitivity in some pesticides, it was environmental interest that led to their study at very low levels in the food chain. 

The frequency of food contamination by pesticides is remarkably stable. This suggests that if we accept the use of pesticides in food production in the way in... 

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