Contaminated food

A large number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are known Many have been synthesized m the laboratory and several of the others are products of com bustion Benzo[a]pyrene for example is present m tobacco smoke contaminates food cooked on barbecue grills and collects m the soot of chimneys Benzo[a]pyrene is a carcinogen (a cancer causing substance) It is converted m the liver to an epoxy diol that can induce mutations leading to the uncontrolled growth of certain cells... 

Balantidiasis (balantidiosis, balantidial dysentery), an intestinal disease seen almost worldwide, is caused by the large ciUated protozoan, balantidium coll The organism is usually found in the lumen of the large intestine of humans and animals. Cysts formed in the lumen of the colon or in freshly evacuated feces of humans or domesticated and wild animals, can colonize the colon and terminal ileum of new hosts by the latter s ingestion of contaminated food or water. The hog has been found to be the most heavily parasitized host. Its association with the rat may be a means for maintaining a reservoir infection in the two animals. 

Histamine is the biological amine, playing an important role in living systems, but it can also cause unnatural or toxic effects when it is consumed in lai ge amounts. It can occur with some diseases and with the intake of histamine-contaminated food, such as spoiled fish or fish products, and can lead to undesirable effects as headache, nausea, hypo- or hypertension, cai diac palpitations, and anaphylactic shock syndrome. So, there is a need to determine histamine in biological fluids and food. 

Manufacture of ceramics, fertilizer HF has adverse health effects on cattle fed on contaminated food... 

Brines maybe, as the name suggests, solutions of inorganic salts in water, and the two in general use are sodium chloride and calcium chloride. Of these, the former is compatible with most foodstuffs and can be used in direct contact or in circumstances where the brine may come into contact with the product. Calcium chloride has an unpleasant taste and cannot be permitted to contaminate foods. 

Infection with the obligatory intracellular parasite T. gondii is mainly acquired by ingestion of contaminated food or water. Approximately a third of the world s human population is infected. 

And even a fraction, ideally all, of those that survive are removed and/or inactivated in the drinking water treatment facilities or by cooking the contaminated food. 

Production, Import/Export, Use, Release, and Disposal. Endosulfan is distributed in the environment as a result of its use as an insecticide (Gregor and Gummer 1989 NRCC 1975 Strachan et al. 1980). Humans may be exposed through the ingestion or use of contaminated food (Gartrell et al. 1986 Podrebarac 1984a) or tobacco products (EPA 1982a), contact with media from contaminated hazardous waste sites (principally soils), or insecticide apphcafion (Oudbier et al. 1974 Wolfe et al. 1972). 

Releases of the compound as an insecticide are typically to the atmosphere and land (WHO 1984). The medium of most importance to human exposure appears to be contaminated foods (Gartrell et al. 1986). 

Bioavailability from Environmental Media. Endosulfan can be absorbed following inhalation of contaminated workplace air and ingestion of insecticide-contaminated food (Ely et al. 1967). Dermal contact with or ingestion of endosulfan that is tightly bound to soil particles is an exposure route of... 

Campylobacter jejuni has emerged during the last few years as a major cause of enteritis in humans and is mainly transmitted by contaminated food, in other words it is a food-poisoning microorganism. 

A related organism, CL botulinum, produces a similar toxin which may contaminate food if the organism has grown in it and conditions are favourable for anaerobic growth. Meat pastes and pates are likely sources. This toxin interferes with acetylcholine release at cholinergic syrrapses and also acts at neuromuscular jimctions. Death fiom this toxin eventually results firm respiratory failure. 

The fate of contaminants ingested orally in medicines may be determined by several factors, as is seen with contaminated food. The aeidity of the stomaeh m provide a successful barrier, depending on whether the medicine is taken on an empty or flill stomach and also on the gastrie emptying time. Contaminants in topieal products m cause tittle harm when deposited on intaet skin. Not only does the skin itself provide an... 

Integration of the likelihood that consumers will occasionally or regnlarly eat certain amounts of contaminated foods and the chance that the haz-ardons chemical is present in snch foods at certain levels. 

Helicobacter pylori normally resides in the human stomach and is transmitted via the fecal-oral route or through ingestion of fecal-contaminated water or food. Infection with HP is more common in developing countries because of crowded conditions and the presence of contaminated food and water. HP colonization does not necessarily reflect an active infection since the organism can attach itself to the gastric epithelium... 

Bacteria are likely precipitants in many other cases including Escherichia coli, Salmonella species, Shigella species, Vibrio cholerae, and Clostridium difficile. The term dysentery has often been used to describe some of these bacterial infections when associated with serious occurrences of bloody diarrhea. Additionally, acute diarrheal conditions can be prompted by parasites-protozoa such as Entamoeba histolytica, Microsporidium, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium parvum. Most of these infectious agents can be causes of traveler s diarrhea, a common malady alflicting travelers worldwide. It usually occurs during or just after travel subsequent to the ingestion of fecally-contaminated food or water. It has an abrupt onset but usually subsides within 2 to 3 days. 

Hepatitis E is similar to hepatitis A in that the mode of transmission is via the fecal-oral route. Therefore, the most effective ways to prevent acquiring the virus are good personal hygiene and proper disposal of sanitary waste. Frequent handwashing and avoiding contaminated foods and vegetables decrease the risk of infection. 

Environmental—recent exposures (such as close contact with meningitis or respiratory tract infection, contaminated foods), active or passive exposure to cigarette smoke, close living conditions... 

Onset 8 to 48 hours after ingestion of contaminated food. 

Hookworm infection is caused by Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus. N. americanus is found in the southeastern United States. Infective larvae enter the host in contaminated food or water or penetrate the skin and migrate to the small intestine. The adult worm attaches to gastrointestinal mucosa and causes injury by lytic destruction of the tissue. Over a period of time, the adult worm can cause anemia and hypopro-teinemia in the host. 

Chronic health complications that may develop from eating food that contains traces of harmful spray residues depend upon the amount present and the extent to which daily or recurrent ingestion of the contaminated food continues. Not all foods included in the daily diet carry spray residue. Based upon statistics obtained from The Western Canner and Packer and the U. S. Department of Agriculture (8, 4 approximate percentages of various foods eaten per person in the United States are given in Table II. 

Inevitably, in the middle of the 1980s the issue of pesticides contaminating food products resurfaced. The organization of this process was initiated by a Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on April 2, 1984, On... 

From these data, it is clear, for example, that in spite of being banned in agriculture in 1970, DDT contaminated food products on an especially wide scale for some time. HCH contamination in food products was just as high, but it had yet to be banned. Extreme contamination, i.e. that exceeded MPL by more than five times, occurred in at least six samples of the same product (Table 3.16). 

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