Fish poisons

They are found in a great variety of plants and are strong fish poisons. On hydrolysis they yield a variety of sugars, frequently several molecules to each aglucone. Glucose, galactose, arabinose are the more common pentoses, methylpentoses and glucuronic acid are also obtained. 

Other Lethal Agents. There are a number of substances, many found in nature, which are known to be more toxic than nerve agents (6). None has been weaponized. Examples of these toxic natural products include shellfish poison, isolated from toxic clams puffer fish poison, isolated from the viscera of the puffer fish the active principle of curare "heart poisons" of the digitaUs type the active principle of the sea cucumber active principles of snake venom and the protein ricin, obtained from castor beans (See Castor oil). 

Several taxa of Enterobacteriaceae inclnding Morganella morganii, Proteus vulgaris, and Raoultella (Klebsiella) planticola are able to decarboxylate the amino acid histidine, which is abundant in the mnscle tissne of scombroid hsh (Yoshinaga and Frank 1982 Takahashi et al. 2003). The histamine produced has been associated with an incident of scombroid fish poisoning (Taylor et al. 1989). 

Taylor SL, JE Stratton, JA Nordlee (1989) Histamine poisoning (scombroid fish poisoning) an allergy-like intoxication. Clin Toxicol 27 225-240. 

Public materials standards, 25 743 Public, protection of, 22 827-828 Public sanitation, soap and, 22 755, 756 Public sector aquaculture, 3 182-183 Public Utilities Commission, 6 828 Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA), 22 533-534 PUC19 plasmid vector, 22 501, 502 Puccinnia chondrillina, 13 347 Puffer fish poison, 5 822 Puffing, 22 722, 740... 

Taylor, S., Guthertz, L.S., Leatherwood, M. and Lieber, E.R. (1979). Histamine production by Klebsiella pneumoniae and an incident of scombroid fish poisoning, Appl. Env. Microbiol., 37, 274. 

Bl5dhe, D., Mannitol treatment for acute and chronic ciguatera fish poisoning, Mem. Queensland Mus., 34, 65, 1994. 

Kanchanapongkul, J. and Tantraphon, W., Pelagic paralysis from puffer fish poisoning, J. Med. Assoc. Thai., 76, 5, 285, 1993. 

Lange, W., Snyder, F. and Fudala, P., Travel and ciguatera fish poisoning, Arch. Intern. Med., 152, 2049, 1992. 

McKee D et al., Ciguatera fish poisoning reporting by physicians in an endemic area, in Hallegraelf, G., ed., Harmful Algal Blooms 2000, IOC of UNESCO, Paris, 2001. 

Morris, J.G., Jr., et al.. Clinical features of ciguatera fish poisoning a study of the disease in the US Virgin Islands, Arch. Intern. Med., 142, 6, 1090, 1982a. 

Palafox, N.A., et al.. Successful treatment of ciguatera fish poisoning with intravenous mannitol, JAMA, 259, 18, 2740, 1988. 

Schnorf, H., Taurarii, M. and Cundy, T., Ciguatera fish poisoning a double-blind randomized trial of mannitol therapy. Neurology, 58, 6, 873, 2002. 

Jachmann, 1989). Saponins are used as fish poisons and also used as starting materials for steroid hormones. 

A well-investigated group of potent phototoxic compounds are the/wra-nocoumarins (psoralens) (Fig. 11.16), compounds that are also used as fish poisons. Furocoumarins absorb ultraviolet at around 330 nm and are converted to triplet stages these, in turn, produce singlet oxygen that damages amino acids (Fig. 11.17). 

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