Cerebral spinal fluid

Laterra, L. and Goldstein, G.W., Ventricular organization of cerebral spinal fluid blood-brain barrier, brain edema, and hydrocephalus, in Principles of Neuroscience, 4th ed., Kandel, E.R., Schwartz, J.H., and Jessell, T.M., Eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2000, appendix B. 

D.G. Georganopoulou, L. Chang, J.M. Nam, C.S. Thaxton, E.J. Mufson, W.L. Klein, and C.A. Mirkin, Nanoparticle-based detection in cerebral spinal fluid of a soluble pathogenic biomarker for Alzheimer s disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 2273-2276 (2005). 

Recently, most of the methods which have been used for the analysis of valproic acid in plasma, serum, cerebral spinal fluid, saliva, breast milk, and urine involve acidification of the biological sample, extraction into an organic solvent, and direct injection onto a gas-liquid chromatographic column (28, 29, 16, 30, 31, 32,... 

Prednisolone was observed to be effective in ameliorating the headache seen in 3 workers with elevated cerebral spinal fluid pressure and papilledema resulting from exposure to high levels of chlordecone (Sanborn et al. 1979). However, when prednisolone therapy was stopped, the headaches returned and did not dissipate until serum chlordecone levels were reduced. It is possible that the prednisolone blocked the headache by increasing vasoconstriction and decreasing intracranial cerebral spinal fluid volume. 

Carnosine is also associated with nervous tissues, including the brain, where it is concentrated especially in the olfactory lobe (Bonfanti et al., 1999 de Marchis et al., 2000). However, human cerebral spinal fluid contains homocamosine but no carnosine (Huang et al., 2005). 

Thompson PM, Rosenberger C, Holt S, Perrone-Bizzozero N1 (1998) Measuring synaptosomal associated protein-25 kDa in human cerebral spinal fluid. J Psychiatr Res 32 297-300... 

The exterior of the brain and spinal cord is cushioned within the skull and backbone by the cerebral-spinal fluid (CSF). The CSF is kept from direct contact with the brain by the arachnoid membrane covering the surface and the choroid plexus, tissue which selectively interacts with the contents of the CSF. An injection into the spinal cord or through the skull can put a drug directly into contact with the choroid plexus and the brain. For more on this subject you can read "The Mammalian Choroid Plexus" by Spector and Johanson Scientific American November 1989. 

Four ventricles bathe the brain in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and a host of blood vessels supply nutrients and carry away metabolites. See Figure 27 a. The back and lower portions of the brain are made up of the... 

In June 1990 Dr. Peter Davies reported in JAMA that his research group had found a protein called Alzheimer s disease-associated protein (ADAP) in 86% of AD patients brains with none found in control subjects. Abbott labs in early 1991 produced an ADAP detection kit to be used in postmortem investigations. They hope to develop similar tests to be used with cerebral spinal fluid. 

For example, ISOLABS, Inc. has a test used to detect IgG in cerebral spinal fluid as an indicator of infection. If no neurological disease exists the concentration of IgG is less than 10% of all CSF proteins. Should multiple sclerosis be present the [IgG] will range from 11-35%. This result plus the results of other confirmatory tests can significantly aid in diagnosis. 

Figure 10.11. MRM chromatogram of 100ng/mL K252a in (a) plasma, (b) urine, (c) cerebral spinal fluid (CNF), fdj brain homogenate, (e) liver homogenate, and (f) intestinal perfusate (Herman, 2002).

High concentrations are achieved in the serum and urine after intravenous and intramuscular administration of moxalactam. Significant concentrations also are obtained in certain body tissues and fluids, including the cerebral spinal fluid. 

Moxalactam readily diffuses into the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of patients with and without meningitis (49-52). Distribution of the drug following therapeutic dosages has been determined in CSF (49-52), bile (38,54,55), aqueous humor (53,54), peritoneal fluid, pleural fluid, prostatic fluid, sputum, and several other tissues and fluids. Body fluid and tissue analyses give primarily qualitative data as to the presence or absence of the drug at a particular site, and therapeutic efficacy cannot be predicted from these data. 

As an instrumental approach to conventional electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis offers the capability of on-line detection, micropreparative operation and automation (6,8,45-47). In addition, the in tandem connection of capillary electrophoresis to other spectroscopy techniques, such as mass spectrometry, provides high information content on many components of the simple or complex peptide under study. For example, it has been possible to separate and characterize various dynorphins by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (33). Therefore, the combination of CE-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) provides a valuable analytical tool useful for the fast identification and structural characterization of peptides. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the use of atmospheric pressure ionization using Ion Spray Liquid Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry is well suited for CE/MS (48). This approach to CE/MS provides a very effective and straightforward method which allow the feasibility of obtaining CE/MS data for peptides from actual biological extracts, i.e., analysis of neuropeptides from equine cerebral spinal fluid (33). 

Latour LL, Warach S (2002) Cerebral spinal fluid contamination of the measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient of water in acute stroke. Magn Reson Med 48 478-486 Latour LL, Svoboda K, Mitra PP, Sotak CH (1994) Time-depen-dent diffusion of water in a biological model system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 1229-1233 Le Bihan D (1995) Molecular diffusion, tissue microdynamics and microstructure. NMR Biomed 8 375-386 Le Bihan D (2003) Looking into the functional architecture of the brain with diffusion MRI. Nat Rev Neurosci 4 469-480 Le Bihan D, van Zijl P (2002) From the diffusion coefficient to the diffusion tensor. NMR Biomed 15 431-434 Le Bihan D, Mangin JF, Poupon C, Clark CA, Pappata S, Molko... 

Enhanced penetration of penicillin into the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) during inflammation. 

E. Therapeutic levels can be found in the cerebral spinal fluid. 

Pharmacokinetics Cisplatin and carboplatin are administered IV in saline solution they can also be given intraperitoneally for ovarian cancer. Over 90% of cisplatin is bound to serum proteins. Highest concentrations are found in liver, kidney, intestinal, testicular and ovarian cells, but little penetrates into the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). The renal route is the main avenue for excretion. 

Wu Q, Hassan B, Ferrance J Landers JP. Solid phase extraction of DNA from blood and cerebral spinal fluids on microdevices. 2003. In preparation. 

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