Pesticide in human

Griffith ED, Blanke RV. 1974. Microcoulometric determination of organochlorine pesticides in human blood. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 57 595-603. 

Fournier E. Sonnier, M, Dally S (1978) Detection and assay of organophosphate pesticides in human blood by gas chromatography. Clin Toxicol 12 457-462. 

Ganguly SK, Bhattacharyya J. 1973. Detection of small amounts of pesticides in human biological material by thin-layer chromatography. Forensic Sci 2 333-338. 

EPA. 1980e. Manual of analytical methods for the analysis of pesticides in humans and environmental samples. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA-600/8-80-038. 

J.M. Pozzebon, S.C.N. Queiroz, L.F.C. Melo, M.A.Kapor and I.C.S.F. Jardim, Application of new high-performance liquid chromatography and solid-phase extraction materials to the analysis of pesticides in human urine. J. Chromatogr.A 987 (2003) 381-387. 

The acute toxic properties of all the organochlorine pesticides in humans are qualitatively similar. These agents interfere with inactivation of the sodium channel in excitable membranes and cause rapid repetitive firing in most neurons. Calcium ion transport is inhibited. These events affect repolarization and enhance the excitability of neurons. The major effect is central nervous system stimulation. With DDT, tremor may be the first manifestation, possibly continuing to convulsions, whereas with the other compounds convulsions often appear as the first sign of intoxication. There is no specific treatment for the acute intoxicated state, and management is symptomatic. 

Schnare DW, Ben M, Shields MG. 1984. Body burden reductions of PCBs, PBBs and chlorinated pesticides in human subjects. Ambio 13 378-380. 

EWG (Environmental Working Group). 2005. Body Burden The Pollution in Newborns. A Benchmark Investigation of industrial Chemicals, Pollutants, and Pesticides in Human Umbilical Cord Blood. Environmental Working Group and Commonweal [online]. Available http //www.ewg.org/reports/bodyburden2/ [accessed April 17, 2006]. 

In a MAFF study (MAFF, 1995) of pesticides in human fat in the UK, 99% of samples analysed (n = 203) had detectable residues of DDT (as p,p -DDT, o,p-DDT, p,p -TDE and/or p,p -DDE). Since the fat samples were taken at routine autopsy, it is likely that most of the subjects were at least 70 years old and therefore had lived through times when DDT was permitted in the UK. Their residues reflect their lifetime exposure. Twenty-three per cent of the subjects had DDT fat residues between 1 and 9.3 mg.kg 1 which suggests higher exposures. These people might have been exposed directly during DDT s heyday, or might have been fond of oily fish which contains higher residues of OCs than most other foods. 

Evidence is similar for humans but limited, and includes male sterility, spontaneous abortions in human females, premature human fetuses, severe neurologic and CNS effects, blood dyscrasias, hepatotoxicity, accumulation of organohalogen pesticides in human lipid tissue—and, perhaps even more important, their presence in human breast milk, whence they can continue to exert influences on growth, development and hormonal, CNS and enzyme systems. Aldrin, dieldrin, chlordane, chlordecone (Kepone), heptachlor epoxide, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and Mirex are all excreted via breast milk in the human female. This is also true for the related PCBs and PBBs that resist biodecomposition and maintain persistent residence in mammalian tissues. For them, excretion via breast milk may constitute the main—if not sole—elimination route. 

Campoy, M., et al., 2001. Analysis of organochlorine pesticides in human milk Preliminary results. Early Human Dev. 65(Supplement), S183-S190. 

Yakushiji, T., Watanabe, I., Kuwabara, K., Yoshida, S., Koyama, K., Kunito, N., 1979. Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in human milk and blood collected in Osaka prefecture from 1972-1977. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 43, 1-15. 

Sudaryanto, A., Kunisue, T., Tanabe, S., Niida, M., Hashim, H., 2004b. Dioxins, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in human breast milk from Malaysia. Organohalo. Compd. 66, 2767-2772. 

Table 16.1. Levels of pesticides in human adipose tissue from various countries... 

Kashimoto, T., Takayama, K., Minura, M., Miyata, H., Murakami, Y., Matsumoto, H., 1989. PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs, coplanar PCBs and organochlorinated pesticides in human adipose tissue in Japan. Chemosphere 19, 921-992. 

Mori, Y., Kikuta, M., Okinaga, E., Okura, T., 1983. Levels of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in human adipose tissue collected in Ethime prefecture. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 30, 74-79. 

Smeds, A., Saukko, P., 2001. Identification and quantification of polychlorinated biphenyls and some endocrine disrupting pesticides in human adipose tissue from Finland. Chemosphere 44, 1463-1471. 

Siyali, D., 1972. Hexachlorobenzene and other organochloride pesticides in human blood. Med. J. Aust. 2, 1063. 

Recently, Anderson et al. (1998) completed a preliminary study of the levels of 8 CDDs, 10 CDFs, 36 PCBs, and 1 lother persistent organochlorine pesticides in human serum samples from Great Lakes sport fish consumers. Overall, the 31 fishers on average consumed 49 Great Lakes sport fish meals per year, for a mean of 33 years. This is in contrast to the general population in the Great Lakes basin that... 

When dealing with human tissues, experimental dosing or feeding is not possible. Determination of pesticides in human samples taken from individuals poisoned or occupationally exposed can provide information useful in development of analytical methodology. These types of samples may contain biologically incorporated pesticides and metabolites. If human tissue samples containing the pesticides of interest are not available, the researcher must rely on animal models for establishing recovery data for pesticides and metabolites. 

Distribution of Pesticides in Human Organs as Determined by Quantitative Thin-Layer Chromatography... 

Damgaard IN, Skakkebaek NE, Toppari J, Virtanen HE, Shen H, Schramm KW, Petersen JH, Jensen TK, Main KM. 2006. Persistent pesticides in human breast milk and cryptorchidism. Environ Health Perspect 114 1133-1138. 

Insecticides seed treatment therapeutic pesticides in humans and animals 111,3512,932... 

A major problem in establishing a tolerance is how to extrapolate from toxicity data tor experimental animals to the probable safety level of the pesticide in humans. This is handled by assuming that humans are 10 times as sensitive to the pesticide as the rat and... 

Thus, despite the value of human volunteer studies, the technical and ethical constraints for studying dermal absorption of pesticides in human volunteers prevail. As a consequence, only limited data on the dermal absorption of chemicals are available from human volunteer studies. This is in contrast to pharmaceutical products, where the use of human volunteers is considered to be the only relevant approach to generate data of precise relevance to man. 

Wester, R.C. and H.I. Maibach (1985). In vivo Percutaneous Absorption and Decontamination of Pesticides in Humans, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 16, 25-37. 

In connection with the development of an analytical method (13) for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in human blood and urine, mass spectral confirmation of a series of methylated and ethylated derivatives of the hydrolytic and metabolic products of these insecticides was required. The urine of an individual occupationally exposed to parathion was extracted with a 1 1 (v/v) solvent mixture of acetonitrile and diethyl ether. Simultaneously, the intact organophosphorus insecticides were hydrolyzed by adding a portion of 5N hydrochloric acid to... 

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