Pesticides evaluation

Table 2 Combined toxicity effects of pesticides evaluated by three toxicity bioassays... 

Venkat JA, Shami S, Davis K, et al. 1995. Relative genotoxic activities of pesticides evaluated by a modified SOS microplate assay. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 25 67-76. 

Figure 4. Chemical structures of the neurotoxrns pesticides evaluated.

World Health Organization - WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES). 

For most pesticides evaluated, an uncertainty factor of 10 to 15 seems to suffice to extrapolate a median acute HC5 to a median chronic HC5, at least when based on toxicity data of sensitive taxonomic groups. In addition, it appears from model ecosystem experiments with pesticides that threshold concentrations for chronic exposures are approximately a factor of 10 lower than those for acute exposure. For a wider generalization, however, more data are required on compounds that differ in toxic mode of action (Section 6.2.4). 

The Expert Committee was requested to provide clear recommendations, in particular in regard to ways in which activities related to the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) and the technical support provided to Member States could be strengthened. 

The WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES), set up in 1960, is the only international programme that promotes and coordinates the testing and evaluation of pesticides intended for public health use. The International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides (2) constitutes the framework for WHOPES in promoting the safe handling and use, efficacy, cost-effective application and quality control of pesticide products/formulations for public health use. WHOPES develops specifications for pesticides and application equipment for use in international trade and quality control. 

In addition to in vivo and in vitro experimentation, mathematical models and quantitative structure-permeability relationship (QSAR) methods have been used to predict skin absorption in humans. These models use the physico-chemical properties of the test compound (e.g. volatility, ionization, molecular weight, water/lipid partition, etc.) to predict skin absorption in humans (Moss et al 2002). The models are particularly attractive because of the low cost and rapidity. However, because of the above-mentioned factors influencing dermal absorption, mathematical models are of limited use for risk assessment purposes. Since these models are currently not accepted by regulatory agencies involved in pesticide evaluations, they will not be further discussed in this chapter. 

Moretto A (1995) Piperonyl butoxide. In Pesticide Residues in Pood - 1995. Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Evaluations 1995 Part II - Toxicological and Environmental, pp. 277-306. Geneva, Switzerland International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization. 

In the aquatic arena some of the biodegradation tests are done with volumes of less than a liter. Tests to evaluate community interaction conducted in a laboratory have test vessels ranging in size from 1-1 to 55-gal aquariums. Larger test systems can also be used outside the laboratory. A proposed outdoor aquatic microcosm proposal uses large tanks of approximately 800-1 capacities. Larger still are the pond mesocosms used for pesticide evaluations. These systems are designed to mimic farm ponds in size and morphology. 

Gervais JA, Rosenberg DK, Fry DM, et al. 2000. Burrowing owls and agricultural pesticides Evaluation of residues and risks for three populations in California, USA. Environ Toxicol Chem 19(2) 337-343. 

The chemical is being considered for inclusion or is included in the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) programme (approval programme for direct appHcation of pesticides to drinking water for control of insect vectors of disease). 

In order to explore the relationships between parent and transformation product ecotoxicity to invertebrates, data relating to the acute aquatic ecotoxicity of transformation products and their respective pesticides to the water flea Daphnia sp. were collated. The majority of data points were for the species Daphnia magna whilst some data were for either Daphnia pulex or undefined daphnid species, all these data were treated as comparable. Data collection focused on the end-point stipulated in the OECD guidehne, 48 h ECso (immobilisation) [16]. Data collection principally focused on pesticides evaluation documents and were supplemented with data collated for the EU SEEM project [17]. Where multiple values were identified for a pesticide or transformation product a geometric mean value was used. Where transformation product ecotoxicity data were identified in the evaluation documents with no respective pesticide data, alternative data sources were used to provide a comparison [18,19]. Initially 255 pesticide/transformation product data comparisons were identified which comprised 120 pesticides and 245... 

To explore the relationships between parent and transformation product eco-toxicity to earthworms, data were collated on the acute ecotoxicity to earthworms for pesticides and their transformation products. These were acute, generally 14 d, LC50 data and were collected from pesticide evaluation documents of the UK PSD and Health and Safety Executive (HSE) [ 11 ], US EPA [8], EU [9,10], the Canadian Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) [21] and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) [22]. Collated data were supplemented by data collated by the EU SEEM project [17]. Ultimately this provided 142 comparisons between pesticides and their transformation products. 

A. Decourtye and M.H. Pham-Delegue Application to pesticide evaluation... 

He coedited with Hamir Rathore Handbook of Pesticides Methods of Pesticides Residues Analysis (2009), Pesticides Evaluation of Environmental Pollution (2012), and Biopesticides Handbook (2015), CRC Press. 

WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme has conq>leted the evaluation of efficacy of Olyset nets and recommended their use for malaria control. Since RBM is requiring a large number of LLITN to cover the endemic area in the Sub Sahara... 

Regulatory data Deliberate experimental Mostly in rodents, rabbits, guinea pigs and dogs, sometimes in farm animals, occasionally in human volunteers. Metabolism and toxicology summarized by JMPR," JECFA, EFSA, EMA also government publications USEPA OPP fact sheets,- Annual reports of the UK Veterinary Products Committee, Advisory Committee on Pesticides Evaluation Documents ... 

Advisory Committee on Pesticides Evaluation Documents. CRD, York, http //www.pesticides.gov.uk/guidance/industries/pesticides/advisory-groups/acp/ acp-evaluation-documents. 

WHO and WHOPES the World Health Organization and the WHO Pesticides Evaluation Scheme, responsible for assessments, specifications, and recommendations for pesticides (including repellents) used for public health pest and vector control on behalf of member states of the United Nations (http //www.who.int/whopes/en/). xenobiotic any other material from outside the subject organism. 

WHO, Report of the WHO Informal Consultation on the Evaluation and Testing of Insecticides, Control of Tropical Diseases, Pesticide Evaluation Scheme, Informal Consultation, unpublished document 96.1, Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organization, 1996. 

WHO, Pesticides and Their Application for the Control of Vectors and Pests of Public Health Importance, 6th ed., WHO Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, and WHO Pesticides Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES), document WHO/CDS/NTD/WHOPES/GCDPP/2006.1, Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organization, 2006. 

World Health Organization, Guidelines for Efficacy Testing of Spatial Repellents, Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme, Geneva, Switzerland, 2013. 

World Health Organization, Gnidelines for efficacy testing of household insecticide products. Mosquito cods, vaporizer mats, liquid vaporizers, ambient emanators and aerosols, WHO Pesticide Evaluation Seheme, WHO/HTM/NTDAVHOPES/2009.3., 2009. 

WHOPES. Guidelines for the testing of spatial repellents, Geneva, World Health Organisation pesticide Evaluation Scheme, 2013. 

N.L. Achee et al., 2013, Guidelines for efficacy testing of spatial repellents. World Health Organization Pesticide Evaluation Scheme, WHO/HTM/NTDAVHOPES/ 2013.1. 

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