Pesticides use data

Mills, P.K. (1998). Correlation analysis of pesticide use data and cancer incidence rates in California counties. Arch. Environ. Health, 53(6) 410 113. 

Department of Pesticide Regulation. 2006. DPR releases 2004 pesticide use data more nature-friendly chemicals gain favor. State of California News Release, January 24. http //www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pressrls/2006/060124.htm (accessed June 15, 2006). 

G. K. Agnew, P. B. Baker, Arizona Cotton Pesticide Use Data Opportunities and Pitfalls, University of Arizona, Pesticide Information and Training Office, Tucson, 2000, can be found under http //ag.arizona.edu/pito/articles/beltwide2000.htm. 

During the last decade, there has been a growing global requirement for meaningful and accurate statistics on pesticide use. EUROSTAT, the statistical office of the European Communities, first published data on sales of pesticides in the environmental statistics yearbook for 1991, and further work was undertaken as part of the Dobris report (Stanners and Bourdeau, 1995) to produce a coordinated statistical appendix on pesticide use. Data, however, were poorly available, with specific information only obtainable for certain active substances or countries. It was also found that, in most cases, data were not very accurate, and different definitions of pesticides and their classification between countries made comparison difficult. 

The ranking of pesticides using data of DetFreq and MedMax together will be compared with two variables for the usage due to the human activ-... 

Gianessi LP, Anderson JE. 1995. Pesticide use in U S. crop production National data report, ed. Washington, DC National center for food and agriculture policy,... 

Prinsloo SM, De Beer P143R. 1985. Gas chromatographic relative retention data for pesticides on nine packed columns I. Organophosphorus pesticides, using flame photometric detection. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 68 1100-1108. 

Your children may be exposed to endosulfan if unquahfied people apply pesticides around your home. In some cases, the use of pesticides that have been banned for use in homes has turned homes into hazardous waste sites. Your state licenses each person qualified to apply pesticides using EPA standards and further certifies each person qualified to apply restricted use pesticides. Ask to see the license and certification of anyone who applies pesticides for you. Also ask for the brand name of the pesticide, a material safety data sheet (MSDS), the name of the product s active ingredient, and the EPA registration number. Ask whether EPA has designated the pesticide for restricted use and what the approved uses are. This information is important if you or your family have a reaction to the product. 

Of course, the "prediction" made In the previous paragraph was not really a prediction, because Schmeltz et al. ( ) had already published the data which answered the "question" before It was asked. But It did seem to emphasize appropriately one of this paper s two major points — that no reliable negative generalizations about the extent of environmental nitrosamlne formation associated with pesticide use can be made on the basis of data available currently. 

Europe is divided into two zones for the purpose of registration of new plant protection products within its community. The trial location should fall within these two distinct zones, namely the Northern and Central European Zone and the Southern European and Mediterranean zone. The climatic conditions and weather influences within each of the two regions described are assumed to be comparable. However, trial data should be representative of the areas where pesticide use is to be granted. 

The need to develop and use chiral chromatographic techniques to resolve racemates in pesticide residues will be driven by new hazard and risk assessments undertaken using data from differential metabolism studies. The molecular structures of many pesticides incorporate chiral centers and, in some cases, the activity differs between enantiomers. Consequently, in recent years manufacturers have introduced resolved enantiomers to provide pesticides of higher activity per unit mass applied. For example, the fungicide metalaxyl is a racemic mix of R- and 5-enantiomers, both having the same mode of action but differing considerably in effectiveness. The -enantiomer is the most effective and is marketed as a separate product metalaxyl-M. In future, it will not be satisfactory to rely on hazard/risk assessments based on data from metabolism studies of racemic mixes. The metabolism studies will need to be undertaken on one, or more, of the resolved enantiomers. 

Based on the patch method to assess worker or re-entry exposure, researchers have developed a database, which may be used to estimate exposure. Each patch from an individual in a study can be entered into the database separately, the residue data from patches from various body areas can be summed to yield a whole-body exposure number, and the data may be sorted as to worker tasks, equipment used, protective clothing worn, formulation types and other parameters. This is the basis for the currently used Pesticide Handlers Data Base (PHED), which was developed through a joint effort in the 1980s of CropLife America [formerly known as American Crop Protection Association (ACPA) and National Agricultural Chemicals Association (NACA)], the Environmental Protection Agency (ERA) and Health Canada. " The PHED is discussed in detail in another article in this book. 

R.C. Honeycutt, The Usefulness of Farm Worker Exposure Estimates Based on Generic Data, in Dermal Exposure Related to Pesticide Use Discussion of Risk Assessment, ed. R.C. Honeycutt, G. Zweig, and N.N. Ragsdale, ACS Symposium Series 273, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 369-375 (1985). 

Pesticides contaminate not only surface water, but also ground water and aquifers. By 1990 in the USSR, 15% of all pesticides used were detected in underground water [29]. Pesticides were detected in 86% of samples of underground water in Ukraine in 1986-87 (including DDT and its metabolites, HCH, dimethoate, phosalone, methyl parathion, malathion, trichlorfon, simazin, atrazine, and prometrin). In actual fact, the number of pesticides was apparently larger, but the laboratory was able to determine the content of only 30 of the 200 pesticides used at that time in Ukraine [29]. In the 1960s, in the Tashkent and Andizhan oblasts of Uzbekistan, the methylmercaptophos content in the water of studied well shafts was, by clearly underestimated data, 0.03 mg/l (MPC was 0.01 mg/l), of DDT was 0.6 mg/l (MPC was 0.1 mg/ I), and of HCH was 0.41 mg/l (MPC was 0.02 mg/l) [A49]. 

There are data on the jump in infant mortality in the pesticide-saturated cotton growing regions of Central Asia [1]. Central Asia and Moldavia had the largest number of newborns with congenital defects in the former USSR these were regions with the largest pesticide use per capita. 

In Moldavia, the data from 1964-67 (Table 3.11) show the significant levels to which pesticides had accumulated in food products. Only 15% of these cases followed violations of pesticide use regulations in all other cases, regulations were followed [82]. 

One negative effect of pesticide use is how they stimulate suppressed species. For example, DDT and several other pesticides may accelerate the development of suppressed species (just as they did with the spider mites) and increase the frequency with which new generations are born. Sublethal doses of dieldrin and parathion do not decrease the Colorado beetle s egg production - they increase it by 33-65% in a way we do not yet understand [3]. Data from 1976 showed that using carbofurans increased the Colorado beetle population in several U.S. states [20]. Trichlorfon also stimulates the Colorado beetle s development at specific dose levels. 

Summarizing the data in this report, we can see that the history of pesticide use has taught civilization several extremely important lessons. 

---