Cosmetics and personal care products

Many personal care and cosmetic products contain toxic chemicals. Categories of products containing toxicants are listed in Table 11.9. 

A partial list of the toxic chemicals contained in the products listed in Table 11.8 is shown in Table 11.10. 

In addition to those listed in Table 11.9, a large number of the chemicals listed on the FDA GRAS, and EAFUS lists (see Section 10.7) are also contained in personal care and cosmetic products. Cosmetic products in particular have come under close scrutiny in the European Union, which has far more stringent labeling requirements than those in the United States. 

Benzophenone Carboxylic acids Cetyl alcohol Dibutyl phthalate Ethanol Formaldehyde 

Hydrogen peroxide Lead acetate Lithium carbonate Metal oxides 

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Personal care and cosmetic products In hand lotions (as emollients/demulcents), in toothpaste, in cosmetics, in shampoo and hair conditioning formulations... 

Table 11.9 Personal Care and Cosmetic Products Containing Toxic Chemicals...

Table 11.10 Partial List of Toxic Chemicals Contained in Personal Care and Cosmetic Products...

Mixtures play a large role in personal care and cosmetic product toxici-ties. Several studies illustrate this. 

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) mandates warnings on labels for foods, personal care, and cosmetic products. These are specifically exempt from regulation by other federal government agencies. 

ISEs have been used for the determination of sodium and potassium in bile, nerve and muscle tissue, kidneys, blood plasma, urine, and other body fluids. ISEs are used for the analysis of ions in sea water, river water, and industrial water and wastewater, as well as in a wide variety of commercial products, such as personal care and cosmetic products. The advantages of ISEs are that they are fast, with response times < 1 min for most ISEs they are nondestructive, have a linear range of about six orders of magnitude in concentration, usually over the 10 to 1 M range, and they can be used in turbid or highly colored solutions. The disadvantages are that a different electrode is needed for each ionic species, the electrodes are selective but not specific, so interferences can occur, and the electrodes can become plugged or contaminated by components of the sample. The ionic species must be in solution and in the proper oxidation state to be detected by the electrode. 

Hawkins, S. Wolf, M. Guyard, G. Greenberg, S. Dayan, N. Microcapsnles as a delivery system. Delivery System Handbook for Personal Care and Cosmetic Products, Rosen, M. R. Ed., Norwich, NY William Andrew Pub. 2005, pp. 191-213. 

Many mixtures of surfactants, especially ionic with nonionic, exhibit surface properties significantly better than do those obtained with either component alone. Such synergistic effects greatly improve many technological applications in areas such as emulsion formulations, emulsion polymerization, surface tension reduction, coating operations, personal care and cosmetics products, pharmaceuticals, and petroleum recovery, to name only a few. The use of mixed surfactant systems should always be considered as a method for obtaining optimal performance in any practical surfactant application. 

Some of the denaturants in laboratory use ethanol are cyclohexane (1%) isopropyl alcohol ( 5%) diethyl phthalate (1%) toluene (1-2%) 2-butanone (methyl ethyl ketone) (2%) a mixture of 2-butanone and 4-methyl-2-pentanone (methyl isobutyl ketone) (2% and 0.5%, respectively) methanol (5%), designated SDA Formula 3 ethyl acetate and gasoline (5% and 1%, respectively), designated SDA Formula 1 ethyl acetate, 4-methyl-2-poitanone, and gasoline (each at 1%), designated SDA Formula 1-1 ethyl acetate and methanol (1-2% and 3-5%, respectively) 4-methyl-2-pentanone and ko osene (4% and 1%, respectively), designated Formula CDA 19 and isopropyl alcohol and methanol (5% each). Note that many other denatured ethanols (e.g., bitrex and menthol denatured) are available, typically for use in personal care and cosmetic products. 

Microcapsules are present in a number of personal care and cosmetic products (80). For example, deodorants may contain capsules that release their core contents due to moisture developed because of sweating. Microcapsules are incorporated in various cosmetic creams, powders, and personal cleansing products. Kiyama (81) summarizes the preparation and use of poy(vinyl alcohol) microcapsules in cosmetic products. Miyazawa and co-workers (82) describe the formation of agar capsules designed for cosmetic use. They note that residual glutaraldehyde in capsules with gelatin shells formed by complex coacervation may be an issue for microcapsules intended for cosmetic applications. 

AES (C12-C14/15 2-3 EO) can be considered as the most efficient anionic surfactant in terms of superior detergency power, good tolerance for water hardness, mildness on hands and fibres. The application therefore is wide from household to personal care and cosmetic products. Unfortunately, sulphated alcohol ether sulphates show a limited stability to hydrolysis at high temperatures, and this restricts their use in heavy... 

J. O Lenick Jr., and C.W. Buffa, Sihcones, in M. Rosen, ed.. Delivery System Handbook for Personal Care and Cosmetic Products, Technology Applications and Formulations, 1st ed., William Andrew, Inc., pp. 635-740,2005. 

M.R. Rosen, ed. Delivery System Handbook for Personal Care and Cosmetic Products, William Andrew, Inc., USA, 2005. 

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