States, person

Suppose a person stated that heat can not be transfered in a vacuum. How do you respond ... 

It is not yet possible to say for certain whether the delousing facilities that were available at that time were consistently adequate for the number of persons stated. In his second book,25 Pressac sets the height of the first epidemic at from September 7 to 11 , with 375 deaths per day . 

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The EPA was created with several environmental responsibilities (see Figure 20-1). The EPA enforces environmental regulations through a combination of civil and criminal penalties, including compliance and prohibition orders, fines, and imprisonment. Compliance orders require that persons, states, or businesses follow the requirements of the regulations. Prohibition orders require that persons, states, or businesses stop actions that violate regulations. Compliance and prohibition orders are the most commonly used enforcement tools. Penalties that result in fines can be very expensive, depending on the severity of noncompliance. 

Attitude refers to an individual s personal state of mind or feeling about something. 

Belief refers to the mental act or habit of placing trust in someone or something. Value refers to an individual s perception of worth or importance assigned to something. Culture reflects the socially accepted behaviors, beliefs, and traditions of a group. Attitude refers to an individual s personal state of mind or feeling about something. People can perform a job or task and hide their attitude from others. 

Internal person dimensions like attitudes, perceptions, and cognitions are difficult to define objectively and change directly. So stop trying Most of us don t have the education, training, experience, nor time to deal with people s attitudes or person states directly. Instead, you should look for external factors influencing behavior independent of individual feelings, preferences, and perceptions. When you empower people to analyze behavior from a systems perspective and implement interventions to improve behavior, you will indirectly improve their attitude, commitment, and internal motivation. 

Include daily audits of work practices and environmental conditions, as well as periodic assessments of perceptions and person states, through interviews, focus group meetings, and plant-wide surveys. 

Employer of the Injured person (state If self-employed)... 

As illustrated in Figure 1.6, an attitude of frustration or an internal state of distress can certainly influence driving behaviors, and vice versa. Indeed, internal (imobserved) personal states of mind continually influence observable behaviors, while changes in observable behaviors continually affect changes in person states or attitudes. Thus, it is... 

Figure 6.1 Certain environmental conditions and personality states contribute to stress and distress.

The strategies covered here for getting the most from interpersonal conversation are reviewed in Figure 13.9. Each technique is relevant for getting more safety-related involvement from others. Applying these strategies effectively can improve one s self-talk or intrapersonal conversation. This leads to increased self-esteem and perceptions of empowerment—person states which enhance an individual s willingness to actively care for the safety and health of others. Evidence for this is detailed in Section 5 of this Handbook. 

My main point here is that gossip can be good—if it is positive. When we talk about the success of others in behavior-specific terms, we begin a cycle of positive communication that can support desired behavior. It also helps to build an internal script for self-motivation. We also set an example for the kind of inter- and intrapersonal conversations that increase self-esteem, empowerment, and group cohesion. As explained in Section 5 of this Handbook, these are the very person states that increase actively caring behaviors and cultivate the achievement of a Total Safety Culture. 

Section 4 of this Handbook addresses the need to increase actively caring behavior throughout a culture and to get the maximum safety and health benefits from this type of behavioral intervention. Psychologists have identified conditions and individual diarac-teristics (or person states) that influence people s willingness to actively care for the safety or health of others. I shall present these and link them to practical things we can do to increase the occurrence of active caring. 

Frustration often provokes aggressive behavior perceptions of helplessness can inhibit constructive behavior or facilitate inactivity. In contrast, certain life experiences can affect positive person states, such as optimism, personal control, self-confidence, and belongingness. This, in turn, increases constructive behavior, including actively caring. 

Figure 153 Certain person states influence an individual s willingness to actively care for the safety and health of others.

The 20 questions included in Figure 15.11 were selected from the actively caring person scale of our Safety Culture Survey. Each of the five actively caring states discussed in this chapter is assessed. There are only four questions per state, so this should not be considered a reliable nor a valid measure of these factors. In other words, do not read too much into this survey. Just respond to each query according to the instructions and then check the answer key in Figure 15.12 to increase your imderstanding of the five actively caring person states. 

Figure 15.11 These 20 survey items assess the 5 actively caring person states.

Figure 15.12 Scoring your answers to the 20 person-state items will increase your imder-standing of the actively caring model.

The actively caring person states are reflected in Maslow s hierarchy of... 

I am sure you can see the strong connection between the emotional intelligence concept and the actively caring model discussed previously. Each of the actively caring person states—self-esteem, self-efficacy, personal control, optimism, and belonging—reflect an aspect of emotional intelligence, as conceptualized by Goleman (1995,1998). 

Sometimes at seminars and workshops, I hear participants express concern fliat tire actively caring person-state model might not be practical. "The concepts are too soft or subjective," is a typical reaction. Employees accept the behavior-based approach because it is straightforward, objective, and clearly applicable to the workplace. However, person-based... 

Feedback from these workshops tells me the concept may be soft, but it is not too hard to grasp. Action plans have been practical and quite consistent with techniques used by researchers. Also, there has been substantial overlap of practical recommendations—workshop groups dealing with different person states have come up with similar contributory factors and action plans. 

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