Urinary stones

Recent scientific studies have clearly established the nutritional role of dietary fiber in several health conditions (Jalili et al., 2000), such as hypercholesterolemia (Topping et al., 1990), diabetes (Chandalia et al., 2000) and bowel function. It is also effective in preventing urinary stones (Ohkawa et al., 1984). The Food and Nutrition Board (Institute of Medicine Report, 2001) recommended a daily allowance for fiber of 25-30 g, though it is not an essential nutrient. Rice bran fiber offers a good source of non-bloating dietary fiber and is marketed as RiceMucil by NutraStar Company in the USA. 

Allopurinol is the antihyperuricemic drug of choice in patients with a history of urinary stones or impaired renal function, in patients who have lymphoproliferative or myeloproliferative disorders and need pretreatment with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor before initiation of cytotoxic therapy to protect against acute uric acid nephropathy, and in patients with gout who are overproducers of uric acid. 

Levinson, A.A., Luz, B. and Kolodny, Y. (1987). Variations in oxygen isotope compositions of human teeth and urinary stones. Applied Geochemistry 2 367-371. 

There is little reported information on industrial exposure, although chronic inflammation of the upper respiratory tract has been described in a worker exposed to hot vapor arising from oxalic acid. Ingestion of as little as 5 g has caused fatalities there is rapid onset of shock, collapse, and convulsions. The convulsions are thought to be the result of hypocalcemia due to the calcium-complexing action of oxalic acid, which depresses the level of ionized calcium in body fluids. Marked renal damage from deposition of calcium oxalate may occur. A study of railroad car cleaners with heavy exposure to oxalic acid solutions found an increased incidence of urinary stones. There was a 53% incidence of urolithiasis in exposed workers compared with a rate of 12% in unexposed workers from the same company. ... 

On the basis of susceptibility tests of the isolate cultured from the initial urine (or blood), therapy should be streamlined, preferably within 48 hours. In an uncomplicated course a switch to oral therapy should be made after a few days. If defervescence takes longer than a few days repeated physical examination and radiological examination should be performed to exclude hydronephrosis, urinary stones or perinephric abscess. 

Mechanism of Action An antacid that reduces gastric acid by binding with phosphate in the intestine, and then is excreted as aluminum carbonate in feces. Aluminum carbonate may increase the absorption of calcium due to decreased serum phosphate levels. The drug also has astringent and adsorbent properties. Therapeutic Effect Neutralizes or increases gastric pH reduces phosphates in urine, preventing formation of phosphate urinary stones reduces serum phosphate levels decreases fluidity of stools. 

Milk-alkali syndrome (may result from excessive antacid use) confusion, headache, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, urinary stones, hypercalcemia... 

Actinidia arguta (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planch ex Miq. A. chinensis Planch. A. japonica Nakai A. kolomikta (Maxim, ex Rupr.) Maxim. A. polygama (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planch, ex Maxim. Mi Hou Tao (Kiwi) (whole plant) Matatabic acid, iridomyrmecin, actinidine, allomatatabiol, iridomyrmecin, neo-nepetalactone, dihydronepetalactol, matatabiether, isoneomatatabiol, matatabistic acid, neomatabiol, vitamin C, vitamin B.48>50>52 For esophageal and liver cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, arthralgia, urinary stones, fever. 

N.A. Fixed oil, insulin-like peptide, mormordin, charantin, mormordicine." Treat diabetes, ulcers, urinary stones, a stomach tonic, induces menstruation. 

N.A. Saponins, fatty acids, tannins, resin, maysin, essential oil, thiamine, mucilage." Treat cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis, urinary stones. 

N.A. Ranunculus ficaria L. Anemoni, tannins, saponins, volatile oil." Diuretic, anti-inflammatory, a tonic for digestive system, kidney, and urinary stones. 

Horseradish is stated to possess antiseptic, circulatory and digestive stimulant, diuretic, and vulnerary properties. Traditionally, it is used for pulmonary and urinary infection, urinary stones, edematous conditions, and externally as an application for inflamed joints or tissues. 

It is used in the treatment of scurvy, postoperative cases, and healing bedsores and chronic leg ulcers. Vitamin C increases the absorption of iron during anemia and is frequently combined with ferrous salts. It is used in urinary tract infections to acidify urine. Large doses of vitamin C have been tried to cure everything from the common cold to cancer, with not much success. The usefulness of vitamin C in asthma, cancer, atherosclerosis, psychologic symptoms, and fertility is doubtful. Ascorbic acid is well tolerated in large doses and may cause rebound scurvy on withdrawal. There is a possibility of forming urinary stones. 

The diuretic property of celery has been used to prepare herbal medicine (Houghton, 1995). The ripe seeds, herb and root are diuretic (Lust, 1983 Chiej, 1984 Grieve, 1984). The seeds are used mainly as a diuretic and can help clear toxins from the system, especially in cases of gout where uric acid crystals collect in the joints. Root tinctures have been used to cure urinary disorders, such as urinary stones, and used as a kidney stimulant and cleanser. Fresh juice from the whole plant is also used as a cure for urinary tract inflammations and urethritis (http //www.innvista.com/health/herbs/ celery.htm). The herb is used against kidney complaints (Launert, 1981). 

Neuralgia, perimenopausal symptom, insecticide, gallstone, urinary stone, skin problems... 

B-4) APRT (adenine p-ribosyl transferase) deficiency. The absence of APRT at this step between adenine and AMP results in shunting of adenine toward another product—2,8-dioxyadenine, which may precipitate as urinary stones. 

Seven patients (four men, three women, aged 21-52 years) taking large doses of over-the-counter formulations containing ephedrine and guaifenesin developed urinary stones (22). These largely contained guaifenesin metabolites, but presumably dependence on ephedrine was the reason for abuse of these formulations. 

Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry, marsh apple) has been used to prevent and treat urinary tract infections, although it is not useful in established infections (10,11). It is supposed to act by preventing adhesion of bacteria to the bladder wall. It may also reduce the risk of formation of some types of urinary stone (12,13). 

Nelfinavir has been reported to cause urinary stones. 

Engeler DS, John H, Rentsch KM, Ruef C, Oertle D, Suter S. Nelfinavir urinary stones. J Urol 2002 167(3) 1384-5. 

Pacanowski J, Poirer JM, Petit I, Meynard JL, Girard PM. Atazanavir urinary stones in an HIV-infected patient. AIDS 2006 20(16) 2131. 

Finlayson B, Reid F. The expectation of free and fixed particles in urinary stone diseaese. Invest.Urol. 1979 15 442-8. 

Prevention of urinary stones 1 qt of cranberry juice cocktail daily (8) 8 oz of cranberry juice four times a day for several days, then 8 oz twice daily (7). 

Karagiille, O., U. Smorag, F. Candir, G. Gundermann, U. Jonas, A.J. Becker, A. Gehrke, and C. Gutenbrunner. Clinical Study on the Effect of Mineral Waters Containing Bicarbonate on the Risk of Urinary Stone Formation in Patients with Multiple Episodes of CaOx-Urolithiasis. World Journal of Urology 25, no. 3 (June 2007) 315-23. 

Cystinuria is a disorder of renal and gastrointestinal tract amino acid transport that also affects lysine, ornithine, and arginine. The four amino acids share a common transport mechanism (discussed above). Clinically, it presents as urinary stone disease because of the insolubility of cystine. In cystinosis, cystine crystals are deposited in tissues because of a transport defect in ATP-dependent cystine efflux from lysosomes (discussed above). 

Initiation factors are factors or conditions that directly initiate kidney damage, and are modifiable by pharmacologic therapy. These factors include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, autoimmune diseases, polycystic kidney disease, systemic infections, urinary tract infections, urinary stones, lower urinary tract obstructions, and drug toxicity. Since diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and glomerular diseases are respectively the first, second, and third most common causes for CKD in the U.S., the following discussion focuses on these three conditions. 

Recumbent position Altered urine flow Urinary stones... 

Allopurinol is the antihyperuricemic drug of choice in patients with a history of urinary stones or impaired renal function, in patients who have lymphoproliferative or myeloproliferative disorders and need pretreatment with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor before initiation of cytotoxic therapy to protect against acute uric acid nephropathy, and in patients with gout who are overproducers of uric acid. The major side effects of allopurinol are skin rash, leukopenia, occasional gastrointestinal toxicity, and increased frequency of acute gouty attacks with the initiation of therapy. An allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome characterized by fever, eosinophilia, dermatitis, vasculitis, and renal and hepatic dysfunction is a rare side effect, but is associated with a 20% mortality rate. ... 

---