Pentoxifylline

Pentoxifylline antagonised the inhibition of surfactant synthesis induced by TNF-a in type II pneumocytes isolated from human cadaveric multiple organ donors and lung-cancer patients (Balibrea-Cantero et al. 1994). 

Interferon-y and/or interleukin-ip or a combination of INF-y and TNF-a induced nitric oxide synthase in rat type II pneumocytes in vitro the production of nitric oxide was inhibited by 2 -monomethyl-L-arginine in a dose-dependent manner (Punjabi et al. 1994). 

Nacystelyn, a lysine salt of N-acetyl-c-cysteine augmenting cellular antioxidant defence in vitro (Gillissen et al. 1997), abolished the transcriptional activation of interleukin-8 in an IL-8-chlor-amphenicol acetyltransferase reporter system, transfected into A549 cells (Antonicelli et al. 2002). 

Chemical Name 3,7-Dihydro-3,7-dimethyl-1-(5-oxohexyl)-1 H-purine-2,6-dione 

A solution of 35.4 g of 1 -bromohexanone-5 in 200 ml of ethanol was gradually mixed at the reflux temperature with vigorous stirring with 39.7 g of theobromine-sodium in 100 ml of water. After 3 hours reflux the unreacted theobromine was filtered off with suction, the fil-trete was evaporated to dryness, the residue was dissolved in water and the solution was extracted with chloroform. The chloroform was distilled off and 1-(5 -oxohexyl)-3,7-dimethyl-xanthine was obtained as residue after recrystellization from isopropanol, it melted at 102°C to 103°C (about 25% yield, calculated on the reacted theobromine). 

Mohler, W., Reiser, M. and Popendiker, K. U.S. Patent 3,737,433 June 5,1973 assigned to Chemische Werke Albert A.G. (W. Germany) 

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Pentoxifylline is stmcturaHy related to other methylxanthine derivatives such as caffeine [58-02-2] (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine), theobromine [83-67-0] (3,7-dimethylxanthine), and theophylline [58-55-9] (3,7-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1 H-piirine-2,6-dione or 1,3-dimethylxanthine), which also show radioprotective activity in some instances, suggesting that methylxanthines as a dmg class may radioprotect through a common mechanism (see Alkaloids). In a retrospective analysis of cervical and endometrial cancer patients receiving primary or adjuvant XRT, no association between caffeine consumption and incidence of acute radiation effects has been found. However, there was a decreased incidence of severe late radiation injury in cervical cancer patients who consumed higher levels of caffeine at the time of thek XRT (121). The observed lack of correlation between caffeine consumption and acute radiation effects is consistent with laboratory investigations using pentoxifylline. 

Bromoethyl)theophylline Pimefylline nicotinate 2-Bromo- -fluoro-17a 1 -dihydroxy-9/3,11/3-oxido-pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione-17,21 -acetate Halopredone acetate 1 -Bromo-5-hexanone Pentoxifylline... 

Tear-Efrin - Phenylephrine HCI Tebacin acid - Aminosalicylic acid Tebertin - Inosine Teberus Ethionamide Tebesium - Isoniazid Tebilon - Isoniazid Tebloc - Loperamide HCI Tebrezid - Pyrazinamide Techlon - Pentoxifylline Teclinazets - Tetracycline T-E Cypionate - Estradiol cypionate Tedarol - Triamcinolone Tedarol - Triamcinolone acetonide Tedarol - Triamcinolone diacetate Teejel - Choline salicylate Tefsiel - Tegafur... 

Stoll, A. Hofmann, A. Helv. Chim. Acta (HCACAV) 26, 2070 (1943). combination with pentoxifylline ... 

D Claudicat retard (Promonta Pentoxifyllin-ratiopharm Pentoflux (Bouchara)... 

QHiqO 141-97-9) see Aminophenazone Baclofen Cefotaxime Ceftazidime Chloroquine Cloricromen Cloxacillin Dipyridamole Felodipine Flutoprazepam Hymecromone Kawain Lacidipine Leflunomide Methylthiouracil Nevirapine Nitrendipine Oxacillin Pentoxifylline Propyphenazone Sulfamerazine acetoacetic acid 4-(trifluoromethyl)anilide (C H (,F3N02 351-87-1) see Leflunomide acetoacetyl chloride... 

C3HfiBr2 109-64-8) see Brinzolamide Carpipramine Dibrornpropamidine Ethoheptazine Pentoxifylline Sibutramine hydrochloride 23-dibromo-1 -propanol... 

C17H22O5 64506-46-3) see Sofalcone 3 ethoxycarbonyl-2-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4 -pyran (C9H14O3) see Pentoxifylline... 

C2HjNa02, 127-09-3) see a-Acetyldigoxin Dextrothyroxine Fluazacort Fluprednidene acetate Pioglitazone Pyrrocaine sodium acetoacetic acid ethyl ester (C HyNaO, 19232-39-4) see Pentoxifylline sodium acetylide (Na(C2H))... 

C7HJN4O2 83-67-0) see Pentifylline Protheobromine theobromine sodium sait (C7H7N4Na02 1010-59-9) see Pentoxifylline theophyiiine... 

Phosphodiesterase Pentoxifylline, rolipram Study findings have been negative. 

McDonald, R.J. (1991). Pentoxifylline reduces injury to isolated lungs perfused with human neutrophils. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 144, 1347-1350. 

More data on etanercept, infliximab, and pentoxifylline are needed before any recommendations can be made... 

Acetazolamide, allopurinol, aspirin, captopril, carbamazepine, chloramphenicol, chlorpromazine, dapsone, felbamate, gold salts, metronidazole, methimazole, penicillamine, pentoxifylline, phenothiazines, phenytoin, propylthiouracil, quinidine, sulfonamide antimicrobials, sulfonylureas, and ticlopidine... 

Alternatives to ibuprofen include acetaminophen, prednisone taper, and pentoxifylline... 

Chlorpromazine (CPZ) and pentoxifylline (PTX) were shown to inhibit TNF release and improve survival during murine endotoxemia (Gl). CPZ (M25) and epinephrine (PI6) pretreatment markedly up-regulated IL-10 production induced by LPS, a phenomenon also observed with cyclosporine (Dl). PTX pretreatment did not affect LPS-induced IL-10 release. Thus, TNF and IL-10 can be differentially regulated during murine endotoxemia. The sustained or even increased production of IL-10 could play a role in the protective effects of these drugs against LPS toxicity in vivo. 

Schade, U. F., Pentoxifylline increases survival in murine endotoxin shock and decreases formation of tumor necrosis factor. Circ. Shock 31,171-181 (1990). 

Pentoxifylline (Trental) or cilostazol (Pletal) may be useful in selected patients. Revascularization is successful in selected patients. 

Other protein kinases may indirectly influence the activation of NF-kappap. For example, in contrast to the pro-inflammatory effects typically observed with activation of kinases, the elevation ofcAMP activates PKA and blocks transcription of iNOS mRNA [51,178, 229, 230]. Astrocytes contain a variety of NT receptors that are coupled to Gs-adenylate cyclase [231] and, either activation of P-adrenergic/dopamine receptors or employing agents that increase cAMP, such as forskolin (adenylate cyclase activator), PDE inhibitors [i.e. pentoxifylline], dibutyrl cAMP, or 8-bromo cAMP can attenuate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/cytokine activated iNOS mRNA in microglia, astrocytes and a number of other cell types [51,176,177,178, 232-237]. In contrast, agents that suppress the intracellular concentration of cAM P such as H-89 and Rp-cAM P are pro-... 

Sample concentration 0.2mg/mL each of pentoxifylline and caffeine in diluent... 

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