Surfactants synthesis

Fluorinated Surfactants Synthesis Properties Applications, Erik Kissa... 

Raw Materials and Intermediate Products for Anionic Surfactant Synthesis... 

Protein-Based Surfactants Synthesis, Physicochemical Properties, and Applications, edited by Ifendu A. Nnanna and JidingXia... 

E Kissa, Fluorinated surfactants synthesis, properties, applications (New York Marcel Dekker, 1993). 

E. Kissa, In M.J. Schick and F.M. Fowkes (Eds.), Fluorinated surfactants synthesis, properties, applications, Surfactant Science Series, Vol. 50, Marcel Dekker, New York, USA, 1994. 

Surfactant synthesis is stimulated immediately before birth in response to a surge of maternal corticosteroid. 

More serious injuries involve peroxidation of intra- and extracellular phospholipids and inhibition of surfactant synthesis by lung tissue. The pulmonary reaction following paraquat ingestion is frequently fatal or permanently injurious. 

Bouquillon S (2011) D-Xylose and L-arabinose-based surfactants synthesis, reactivity and physico-chemical properties. C R Chim 114 716-725... 

Snow, S.A., Fenton, W.N. and Owen, M.J. (1991) Zwitterionic organofunctional siloxanes as aqueous surfactants - synthesis and characterization of betaine functional siloxanes and their comparison to sulfobetaine functional siloxanes. Langmuir, 7(5), 868-71. 

Kissa, E. (1994) Fluorinated Surfactants-Synthesis, Properties and Applications. Dekker, New York. 

The use of copolymers as surfactants is widespread in macromolecular chemistry in order to compatibilize immiscible blends. These additives are sometimes named surfactants , interfacial agents or more usually compatibi-lizers . Their effect on improving different properties is observed interfacial tension and domain size decrease, while there is an increase in adhesion between the two phases and a post-mixing morphology stabilization (coalescence prevention). The aim of the addition of such copolymers is to obtain thermodynamically stable blends, but the influence of kinetic parameters has to be kept in mind as long as they have to be mastered to reach the equilibrium. Introducing a copolymer can be achieved either by addition of a pre-synthesized copolymer or by in-situ surfactant synthesis via a fitted re-... 

In this system using a polystyrene containing block copolymer, the polystyrene segment should readily partition into the lipophilic polystyrene particle core while the poly(FOA) or PDMS block is solubilized in the CO2 continuous phase to provide steric stabilization and prevent coagulation. In comparison of the polystyrene-b-poly(FOA) diblock copolymers to the polystyrene-b-PDMS diblock copolymers, it was found that the use of a polystyrene-b-PDMS stabilizer gives much more monodisperse particles. This most likely arises from the synthetic technique employed in the surfactant synthesis. The blocks in the polystyrene-b-PDMS block copolymers have a much narrower polydispersity than the blocks in the polystyrene-b-poly(FOA) block copolymers. It was noted that the particles obtained in... 

Gemini Surfactants Synthesis, Interfacial and Solution-Phase Behavior, and Applications, edited by Raoul Zana and Jiding Xia... 

Kissa, E. Fluorinated Surfactants, Synthesis, Properties, Applications. Marcel Dekker, New York, 2001. 

Experimentally, the macrocyclic trichothecenes satra-toxin G, isosatratoxin F, and roridin A have been shown to cause nasal and pulmonary toxicity when administered intranasally or intratracheally to mice. Intranasal exposure of satratoxin G and roridin A induced apoptosis of olfactory sensory neurons resulting in atrophy of the olfactory epithelium and olfactory nerve layer of the olfactory bulb in the frontal brain (Islam et al, 2006, 2007). Alveolar-type II cells and alveolar macrophages were injured following intratracheal instillation of isosatratoxin F or Stachybotrys spores with marked changes in surfactant synthesis and secretion (Rand et al, 2002). 

George UM, Ashna U, Kumar SSP, Nandkumar AM (2013) Effect of tobacco extract on surfactant synthesis and its reversal by retinoic acid-role of cell-cell interactions in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 49(4) 260-269... 

Thyroid hormones also accelerate fetal lung maturation. Fetal thyroid hormone levels may be increased by antenatal administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), a tripeptide that crosses the placental barrier, stimulates fetal pituitary production of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and which, in turn, increases fetal thyroid hormone production (Chapter 33). This indirect method of enhancement of fetal thyroid hormone production is utilized because thyroid hormones do not readily cross the placental barrier. Insulin delays surfactant synthesis and so fetal hyperinsulinemia in diabetic mothers may increase the incidence of RDS even in the full-term infant. Androgen synthesized in the fetal testis is the probable cause of a slower onset of surfactant production in male fetuses. Prophylactic, or after onset of RDS, administration of synthetic or natural pulmonary surfactants intratracheally to preterm infants improves oxygenation and decreases pulmonary morbidity. 

The model reaction kinetics for the propoxylation or ethoxylation of fatty alcohols and nonylphenol, for surfactant synthesis, was developed successfully by Santacesaria and co-workers [45-50]. Of course, it is clear that, in principle, there are many similarities between the propoxylation of a fatty alcohol and the propoxylation of polyols, but there are some small differences. 

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