Inflammatory effect

Primary Irritancy Studies. These studies are employed to determine the potential of materials to cause local inflammatory effects in exposed body surfaces, notably skin and eye, following acute or short-term repeated exposure. In general, the approach involves applying the test material to the surface of the skin or eye, and observing for signs of inflammation, their duration, and resolution. Reviews have been written about the conduct of primary eye irritation (58,86,87) and primary skin irritation studies (88,89). 

Methylxanthines have relaxing and anti-inflammatory effects. Accumulation of intracellular cAMP by inhibition of PDE3 (phosphodiesterase-3) relaxes airway... 

Furthermore, there is some evidence for pleiotrophic effects (e.g., effects on hemostasis, vascular function, anti-inflammatory effects, and stabilizing effects on atherosclerotic plaques) of statins. The clinical relevance of this (and the potential difference between the various statins) is at present uncertain but subject to intense investigation. 

IFN- 3 reduces the induction by inflammatory cytokines of adhesion molecules and of MHC class I and II complex on endothelial cells, a process preceding attachment and transendothelial migration of T-cells. These anti-inflammatory effects of IFN- 3 exemplify antagonistic actions of type I and type IIIFN. There is, indeed, much clinical evidence for the involvement of IFN-y in inflammatory processes - through activation of iNOS and subsequent secretion of NO - leading to the establishment of autoimmune diseases as for instance in rheumatoid arthritis. 

Melanocortins. Figure 2 Shows anti-inflammatory effect of melanocortin peptides. 

Commercially available dtugs used for therapeutic therapy comprise up to date mainly injectable monoclonal antibodies like Infliximab (Remicade ) and Adalimumab (Humira ) or TNF-receptor derivatives like Etanercept (Enbrel ) (Fig. 3). One possible way of action of these reagents is the neutralization of TNF, thereby blocking its inflammatory effects and dampening (auto)immune responses [3, 4]. 

The salicylates include aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) and related drugp, such as magnesium salicylate and sodium salicylate. The salicylates have analgesic (relieves pain), antipyretic (reduces elevated body temperature), and anti-inflammatory effects. All the salicylates are similar in pharmacologic activity however, aspirin has a greater anti-inflammatory effect than the other salicylates. Specific salicylates are listed in the Summary Drug Table Nonnarcotic Analgesics Salicylates and Nonsalicylates. 

The anti-inflammatory effects of the NSAIDs are carried out by inhibition of COX-2. The gastrointestinal adverse reactions are caused by inhibition of COX-1. The newer NSAIDs (celecoxib and rofecoxib) appear to work by specifically inhibiting the COX-2 enzyme, without inhibiting the COX-1 enzyme. Celecoxib and rofecoxib relieve pain and inflammation with less potential for gastrointestinal adverse... 

It has an anti-inflammatory effect that reduces pimples and the pain they cause. 

Benzoyl peroxide can help remove dead skin cells, which in turn prevents the pores from clogging up. It also kills the Propionibac-terium acnes bacterium that causes acne. It has anti-inflammatory effects and reduces oxygen free radicals and fatty acids on the skin. 

Unlike aspirin and other cyclooxygenase inhibitors that work on the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, acetaminophen works on the COX-3 enzyme, which is present in the spinal column and brain. This helps it to avoid shutting down prostaglandin function elsewhere in the body, which is why it has no anti-inflammatory effects and does not affect blood platelets or the stomach lining. 

Peculiar characteristics of chitins and chitosans are hemostatic action, anti-inflammatory effect, biodegradability, biocompatibihty, besides antimicrobial activity, retention of growth factors, release of glucosamine and M-acetylglucosamine monomers and oligomers, and stimulation of cellular activities [11,12,295-297]. 

Reported studies have shown its anti-inflammatory effects and anti-oxidant action. It acts by thinning the stratum corneum, promoting epidermolysis, dispersing basal layer melanin and epidermal and dermal hyaluronic acid and collagen gene expression that increases through an elevated secretion of IL-6 [3]. 

Azelaic acid is effective on P. acnes suppression, even if less than benzoyl peroxide. The anti-inflammatory effect of azelaic acid seems to be related to a decreased production of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils. Azelaic acid may also regulate the ductal cell keratinization, reducing the number of comedones, ft is not sebosuppressive. 

Holgate S, Casale T. Wenzel S. Bousquet J. Deniz Y. Reisner C The anti-inflammatory effects of omali-zumab confirm the central role of IgE in allergic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005 115 459-465. 

Junger H, Sorkin LS (2000) Nociceptive and inflammatory effects of subcutaneous TNFalpha. Pain 85 145-151... 

Anti-inflammatory effect (Akihisa et al., 1997). Regulates blood pressure (Ichiro et al., 2002). 

AKIHISA T, YASUKAWA K, YAMAMURA M, UKIYA M, KIMURA Y, SHIMIZU N, ARAI K (2000) Tliterpene alcohol and sterol ferulates from rice bran and their anti-inflammatory effects. JAgri FoodChem, 48 2313-19. 

Yamashita reported anti-inflammatory effect of astaxanthin when administered with aspirin. An oral preparation has been developed by Alejung and Wadstroem for the treatment of Helicobacter infections of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. Strong evidence suggested that astaxanthin modulated the humoral and non-humoral immune systems. It enhanced the release of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-... 

Cannabinoids are highly lipophilic compounds making bioavailabihty very dependent on the formulation and the mode of administration. Cannabinoid occurrence in the plant is predominantly in the form of the carboxyhc acids, which are pharmacologically totally different and rather unstable, decarboxy-lating over time to their active neutral form. The carboxyhc acids, although not active at the CB receptor, nevertheless add to the overall effect as they possess antibiotic and anti-inflammatory effects. 

Activated PMNs exert many pro-inflammatory effects by extracellular secretion of elastase, which alters vascular... 

Haemoglobin-derived haem iron has multiple pro-inflammatory effects resulting from its ability to initiate decomposition of lipid hydroperoxides from PUFAs. In... 

Rosenbaum, J.Y., Howes, E.L. and Robin, R.M. (1988). Ocular inflammatory effects of intraviterally injected tumour necrosis fector. Am. J. Pathol. 133, 47-53. 

There is now little doubt that ROMs are produced in excess in patients with aaive IBD. That, at least in experimental colitis, they are rather more than irrelevant epiphenomena is indicated by the anti-inflammatory effect of specific antioxidants. Proof that this is also the case in human disease awaits the outcome of further controlled trials of specific agents interfering with ROM production. Whilst induction of NO production has been shown to occur in association with inflammation and tissue damage in both humans and in animal models, the significance of this is as yet unclear. 

Pallapies, D., Peskar, B.A. and Peskar, B.M. (1992). 5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) inhibits the activity of nitric oxide (NO) contribution to its anti-inflammatory effects Gastroenterology 102, A677. 

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