Of pentoxifylline

Sample concentration 0.2mg/mL each of pentoxifylline and caffeine in diluent... 

Strutz F, Heeg M, Kochsiek T, Siemers G, Zeisberg M, Muller GA. Effects of pentoxifylline, pentifylline and gamma-interferon on proliferation, differentiation, and matrix synthesis of human renal fibroblasts. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2000, 15, 1535-1546. 

Unal C, Sen C, Iscen D, Dalcik H. In vivo observation of leukocyte-endothelium interaction in ischemia reperfusion injury with the dorsal window chamber and the effects of pentoxifylline on reperfusion injury. Journal of Surgical Research 2007, 138, 259-266. 

Mechanism of action that provides symptom relief with pentoxifylline is poorly understood but is thought to involve red blood cell deformability as well as a reduction in fibrinogen concentration, platelet adhesiveness and whole blood viscosity (75). The recommended dose of pentoxifylline is 400 mg three times daily with meals. Pentoxifylline causes a marginal but statistically significant improvement in pain-free and maximal walking distance (a net benefit of 44 m in the maximal distance walked on a treadmill (95% Cl, 0 14 to 0 74) based on meta-analyses of randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trials (76). At the same time pentoxifylline does not increase the ABI at rest or after exercise (56). Pentoxifylline may be used to treat patients with intermittent claudication however, it is likely to be of marginal clinical importance (56,77). Medical therapies... 

Herrmann KS (1983) Platelet aggregation induced in the hamster cheek pouch by a photochemical process with excited fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran. Micovasc Res 26 238-249 Seiffge D, Kremer E (1984) Antithrombotic effects of pentoxifylline on laser-induced thrombi in rat mesenteric arteries. IRCS Med Sci 12 91-92... 

Seiffge D, Weithmann U (1987) Surprising effects of the sequential administration of pentoxifylline and low dose acetylsalicylic acid on thrombus formation. Thromb Res 46 371-383... 

Rare cases of hallucinations in elderly people have been ascribed to a stimulant effect of pentoxifylline on the central nervous system (SEDA-18, 219). 

PENTOXIFYLLINE ANALGESICS - NSAIDS Risk of bleeding when pentoxifylline is given with ketorolac post surgery Uncertain possibly additive antiplatelet effect Avoid co-administration of pentoxifylline and ketorolac... 

PENTOXIFYLLINE ANTIBIOTICS Ciprofloxacin may t pentoxifylline levels Uncertain likely to be due to inhibition of hepatic metabolism Warn patients of the possibility of adverse effects of pentoxifylline... 

Volume therapy with etherified starches in trauma patients results in a reduction in circulating adhesion molecules, an effect that is not observed with albumin infusion (51). Continuous infusion of pentoxifylline did not have a beneficial modulating action on circulating adhesion molecules. Adhesion molecules appear to play an important role in tissue damage secondary to the inflammatory process. Besides neutrophil- and endothelium-bound adhesion molecules, soluble forms have been detected in the circulating blood in trauma patients. They seem to be markers of endothelial damage, but they may also have other biological functions. 

Unwanted effects of pentoxifylline recognized in the double-blind studies were gastrointestinal symptoms (chiefly nausea, vomiting, and bloating) and dizziness. Although common, they required drug withdrawal in only about 3% of patients. 

A single case of bleeding duodenal ulcer after a single dose of pentoxifylline was reported as being possibly secondary to disturbed platelet function induced by the drug (6). However, the effects of pentoxifylline on platelet function have not been very consistent, and the use of pentoxifylline may have been purely coincidental. 

The overdosage of pentoxifylline has caused flushing, hypotension, nervonsness, agitation, tremors, convulsions, somnolence, loss of consciousness, fever, and agitation. 

Mancinelli, A. Pace, S. Marzo, A. Martelli, E.A. Passetti, G. Determination of pentoxifylline and its metabolites in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with solid-phase extraction. J.Chromatogr., 1992, 575, 101-107... 

Lockemeyer, M.R. Smith, C.V. Analysis of pentoxifylline in rabbit plasma using a Hisep high-performance liquid chromatography column. J.Chromatogr., 1990, 532, 162-167... 

Lambert, W.E. Yousouf, M.A. Van Liedekerke, B.M. De Roose, J.E. De Leenheer, A.P. Simultaneous determination of pentoxifylline and three metabolites in biological fluids by liquid chromatography. Clin.Chem., 1989, 35, 298-301... 

Musch, G. Hamoir, T. Massart, D.L. Determination of pentoxifylline and its 5-hydroxy metabolite in human plasma by solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. J.Chromatogr., 1989, 495, 215-226... 

Grasela, D.M. Rood, M.L., Jr. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of pentoxifylline and... 

Luke, D.R. Rocci, M.L., Jr. Determination of pentoxifylline and a major metabolite, 3,7-dimethyl-l-(5 -hydroxyhexyDxanthine, by high-performance liquid chromatography. J.Chromatogr., 1986, 374,... 

Ostrovska, V. Pechova, A. Kovacova, D. Svobodova, X. Kusala, S. [Determination of pentoxifylline and its major metabolites in human plasma using HPLC]. Cesk.Farm., 1990, 39, 158—160... 

Garnier-Moiroux, A. Poirier, J.M. Chesrmol, G. Jaillon, P. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of pentoxifylline and its hydroxy metabolite in human plasma. J.Chromatogr., 1987, 416, 183-188... 

Smith, R.V. Yang, S.K. Davis, P.J. Bauza, M.T. Determination of pentoxifylline and its major metabolites in microbial extracts by thin-layer and high-performance liquid chromatography. J.Chromatogr., 1983,281, 281-287... 

Chivers, D.A. Birkett, D.J. Miners, J.O. Simultaneous determination of pentoxifylline and its hydroxy metabolite in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. J.Chronuxtogr., 1981, 225, 261-265... 

A., and Singer, J. W. (1991). Phase I-II trials of pentoxifylline for the prevention of transplant related toxicities following bone marrow transplantation. Blood 78,1205-1211. 

On the other hand, some molecules inhibit glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Pentoxifylline, an analogue of methylxanthine theobromine, inhibits the proliferation and biosynthetic activities of fibroblasts (81). Fibroblasts from the extraocular muscles of patients with thyroid eye disease and normal extraocular muscles were cultured in vitro in the presence or absence of pentoxifylline. In these fibroblast cultures, exposure to pentoxifylline resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of glycosaminoglycan synthesis in all the fibroblasts. Therefore, pentoxifylline may be useful for the treatment of thyroid eye disease. In addition, treatment of fibroblasts with an IL-l-receptor antagonist or soluble IL-1 receptor significantly inhibited IL-l-stimulated glycosaminoglycan synthesis, indicating that such treatments may be useful for the prevention of thyroid eye disease (75). 

Ellison, M. J. et al.. Influence of pentoxifylline on steady-state theophylline serum concentrations from sustained-release formulations. Pharmacotherapy, 10(6) 383-386, 1990. 

A pilot study testing a combination of pentoxifylline 800mg o.d., tocopherol (vitamin E) 1000 fU daily, and clodonate reported clinical benefit, with more than 50% regression... 

Delanian, S. and Lefaix, J.L., The association of pentoxifylline and tocopherol is useful in the treatment of human superficial radiation-induced fibrosis preliminary results, 1996. 

The manufacturer notes that, rarely, high-dose injections of pentoxifylline have intensified the blood glucose-lowering effects of insulin and oral antidiabetic drugs. This effect has not been seen with oral pentoxifylline. For example, in one study oral pentoxifylline 600 mg daily for 9 months did not affect glycosylated haemoglobin levels in type 2 diabetic patients. ... 

Harmankaya O, Seber S, Yilmaz M. Combination of pentoxifylline with angiotensin convert-ii enzyme inhibitors produces an additional reduction in microalbuminuria in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients. Ren Fail (2003) 25,465-70. 

Information on this interaction and its clinical relevance is limited. The author of the pharmacokinetic study suggests that, if the drugs need to be used together, the dosage of pentoxifylline should be halved. In the absence of other information, if a short-course of ciprofloxacin is required in a patient taking pentoxifylline, this may be a sensible precaution. Alternatively, because the increase in AUC was minor, it may be sufficient to recommend a reduction in pentoxifylline dose only in those who experience adverse effects (e.g. nausea, headache). Note that ciprofloxacin has been used to boost pentoxifylline levels in studies investigating the possible therapeutic value of pentoxifylline s ability to inhibit various cytokines. For example, ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice daily was used with pentoxifylline 800 mg three times daily for up to one year in patients with myelod-ysplastic syndrome. ... 

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