Gold salts

Toxic Effects on the Blood-Forming Tissues Reduced formation of erythrocytes and other elements of blood is an indication of damage to the bone marrow. Chemical compounds toxic to the bone marrow may cause pancytopenia, in which the levels of all elements of blood are reduced. Ionizing radiation, benzene, lindane, chlordane, arsenic, chloramphenicol, trinitrotoluene, gold salts, and phenylbutazone all induce pancytopenia. If the damage to the bone marrow is so severe that the production of blood elements is totally inhibited, the disease state is termed aplastic anemia. In the occupational environment, high concentrations of benzene can cause aplastic anemia. 

Anhalojiidine, C Hi OgN, crystallises in small octahedra, m.p. 160-1°. The hydrochloride, B. HCl, forms prisms, but the platinum and gold salts are amorphous the picrate has m.p. 201-8°. The alkaloid contains two methoxyl groups, yields a monobenzoyl derivative, m.p. 189° and with methyl iodide forms A-methylanhalonidine hydriodide (pellotine hydi-iodide), yellow prisms, m.p. 125-130°. 

Allopurinol, aspirin, carbamazepine, chlorpropamide, clomipramine, clozapine, colchicine, desipramine, gold salts, imipramine, levodopa, penicillamine, phenothiazines, phenytoin, propylthiouracil, and sulfonylureas... 

Acetazolamide, allopurinol, aspirin, captopril, carbamazepine, chloramphenicol, chlorpromazine, dapsone, felbamate, gold salts, metronidazole, methimazole, penicillamine, pentoxifylline, phenothiazines, phenytoin, propylthiouracil, quinidine, sulfonamide antimicrobials, sulfonylureas, and ticlopidine... 

In addition to relying on safety and efficacy data, the initial DMARD choice depends on disease severity, patient characteristics (i.e., comorbidities, likelihood of adherence), cost, and clinician experience with the medication.1,7 Methotrexate alone or in combination therapy is the initial treatment of choice for patients with aggressive disease. Patients with early, mild disease may receive monotherapy with sulfasalazine or hydroxychloroquine. Agents such as azathioprine, D-penicillamine, and gold salts are used rarely today because of concerns about toxicity and reduced efficacy.1,15... 

Produced by action of acetylene on sodium gold thiosulfate (or other gold salts), the acetylide is explosive and readily initiated by light impact, friction or rapid heating to 83°C [1], This unstable detonator is noted for high brisance [2],... 

Penicillamine Gold salts A Patients who have had gold salt therapy discontinued due to a major toxic reaction may be at greater risk of serious adverse reactions with penicillamine, but not necessarily of the same type. However, this is controversial. 

Gold salts have had a long history of use in rheumatoid arthritis.269,270 The development of orally active auranofin (also known as Ridaura (50), Figure 23) was a major improvement over the early injectable gold preparations which were polymeric (e.g., (51)—(53)). However, use has declined with the popularity of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as indo-methacin a recent estimate of the commercial value for auranofin was 6 million. The mechanism... 

Salts with the [Au(CO)2]+ cation have been proposed to be important intermediates in the transport of gold in hydrothermal fluids. Gold deposits may accumulate through formation and decomposition of (carbonyl)gold salts under geochemically relevant conditions, similar to the mechanism advanced with salts based on the [Au(SH)2]- anion.303... 

DMARDs that are less frequently used include azathioprine, penicillamine, gold salts (including auranofin), minocycline, cyclosporine, and... 

Drugs can cause a wide variety of other autoimmune reactions. One example is myasthenia gravis, which is characterized by muscle weakness and is mediated by antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction. It has been reported in association with penicillamine [66], gold salts [67], and procainamide [68]. Another form of drug-induced autoimmunity is polymyositis, which is an autoimmune disease... 

Of all rat strains, the Brown Norway (BN) rat is used most frequently in relation to chemical-induced autoimmunity. This strain displays clinically manifested autoimmune disease following exposure to a number of chemicals. HgCl2 is the most scrutinized compound in the BN rat but D-penicillamine [6-8], gold-salts [9,10],hexachlorobenzene (HCB) [11-14] and recently, nevirapine [15], have all been shown to induce clinical effects. Captopril [7] and felbamate [16] appeared not to induce autoimmune effects in BN rats. 

BlOs, BALB/c, SJL HgCl2 Gold salts Anti-fibrillarin, ANA... 

Robinson and colleagues [57] compared 16 different MHC-defined mouse strains in a single study for induction of ANA by HgCl2 (subcutaneously, detected after 0.5 to 2 months), gold salts (intramuscularly, detected after 1 to 5 months) and D-penicillamine (orally, detected after 4.5 to 5 months) and have reported that A.SW mice were high responders to all three chemicals. 

Jana, N.R., Gearheart, L., and Murphy, C.J., Evidence for seed mediated nucleation in the chemical reduction of gold salts to gold nanoparticles, Chem. Mater., 13, 2313, 2002. 

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