Endotoxin shock

Bacterial and viral infections Immunological depression Hemorrhagic and endotoxin shock Altered drug response... 

FI. Faden, A. I., and Holiday, J. W., Naloxone treatment of endotoxin shock Stereospecificity of physiologic and pharmacologic effects in the rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 212, 414-417... 

M9. Marchant, A., Bruyns, C., Vandenabeele, P., Abramowicz, D., Gerard, C Delvaux, A., Ghezzi, P., Velu, T., and Goldman, M Interleukin-10 differentially regulates cytokine production during murine endotoxin shock. 33rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agent and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, 12 (Abst) (1993). 

M38. Morise, Z., Ueda, M., Aiura, K., Endo, M., and Kitajima, M Pathophyiologic role of endothe-lin-1 in renal function in rats with endotoxin shock. Surgery 115, 199-204 (1994). 

Ohlsson, K., Bjorn, P., Bergenfeldt, M Hageman, R., and Thompson, R.C., Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist reduces mortality from endotoxin shock. Nature 348,550-552 (1990). 

R4. Rees, D. D., Cellek, S Palmer, R. M. J., and Moncada, S., Dexamethasone prevents the induction by endotoxin of a nitric oxide synthase and the associated effects on vascular tone An insight into endotoxin shock. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 173,541-547 (1990). 

Schade, U. F., Pentoxifylline increases survival in murine endotoxin shock and decreases formation of tumor necrosis factor. Circ. Shock 31,171-181 (1990). 

Z4. Zenichi, M., Masakazu, U., Koichi, A., Masao, E., and Masaki, K Pathophysiologic role of en-dothelin-l in renal function in rats with endotoxin shock. Surgery 115,199-204(1994). 

Inhibitors of Tpl-2 (MKKK), MEK1/2 (MKK1/2) and ERK1/2 have been reported. Macrophages from Tpl-2 knockout mice lack ERK1/2 activation leading to loss of TNFa expression and are insensitive to LPS-induced endotoxin shock [9]. Inhibition of Tpl-2 and MEK1/2 produces potent anti-inflammatory effects in cellular and animal models. 

The antagonistic properties of FR 900452 have also been examined in a model of endotoxin shock, the haemodynamic and haematological manifestations of this condition closely resembling the changes induced by PAF. FR 900452 (10 mg/kg, i.v.) almost completely prevents PAF (1 /ig/kg, i.v.)-induced thrombocytopenia and leukocytopenia in rabbits [295]. It also significantly inhibits endotoxin (E. coli LPS, 30 /ig/kg, i.v.)-induced thrombocytopenia but not leukocytopenia. The same dose of FR 900452 also causes the decreased arterial blood pressure to return to normal in the endotoxin-induced rat hypotension model, an effect also reported for other PAF inhibitors [121, 274], Finally, FR 900452 has been tested for its therapeutic effect on rat nephrosis induced by aminonucleoside (puromycin, 100 mg/kg, i.p.). At 100 mg/kg twice a day orally for 6 days, the agent significantly reduces urinary protein loss in nephrotic rats [298]. 

Arnold and Brown (1978) reported on the possibility that bacterial endotoxins, which are widespread, could result in hypersensitivity to histamine. These compounds are complex, heat-stable, lipopolysaccharide materials produced primarily by Gram-negative bacteria. They also reported that endotoxin is known to be capable of inducing histamine release in animals (sometimes called endotoxin shock) similar to that seen in anaphylaxis. Baranowski et al. (1990), however, reported extremely low levels of endotoxin in both good tuna and tuna known to have caused illness in humans. 

Fabros, and C. S. Dayrit. Protection effect of coconut oil against E. coli endotoxin shock in rats. Coconut Today 1994 11 90-91. 

Futaki, N., Tajahashi, S., Kitagawa, T., Yamakawa, Y., Tanka, M., and Higuchi, S. (1997). Selective inhibition of cydooxygenase-2 by NS-398 in endotoxin shock rats in vivo. Inflamm. Res. 46,496-502. 

Bl. Badger, A. M., Bradbeer, J. N., Votta, B., Lee, J. C., Adams, J. L., and Griswold, D. E., Pharmacological profile of SB 203580, a selective inhibitor of cytokine suppressive binding protein/p38 kinase, in animal models of arthritis, bone resorption, endotoxin shock and immune function. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 279, 1453-1461 (1996). 

Carbonell, L. F., Nadal, J. A., Llanos, M. C., Hernandez, I., Nava, E., and Diaz, J., Depletion of liver glutathione potentiates the oxidative stress and decreases nitric oxide synthesis in a rat endotoxin shock model. Crit. Care Med. 28, 2002—2006 (2000). 

Reid RR, Prodeus AP, Khan W, Hsu T, Rosen FS, Carroll MC, Endotoxin shock in antibody-deficient mice unraveling the role of natural antibody and complement in the clearance of lipopolysaccharide, J. Immunol., 159 970-975, 1997. 

Develop normally and are healthy. No difference in their reaction to endotoxin shock, however resist the lethal effects of shock induced by platelet-activating factor. Inflammation induced by arachidonic acid is markedly reduced (Chen et al. 1994 Argentieri et al. 1994). 

Radiolabels are also important tools in pharmacokinetic studies for detecting various immune modalitiesand also for different kinds of external injuries. Toth studied the distribution of I-labeled fibrinogen in rats during endotoxin shock. 

Wright CE, Rees DD, Moncada S (1992) Protective and pathological role of nitric oxide in endotoxin shock. Car ovascRes 26 48-57. 

B13. Berman, I. R., Moseley, R. V., Lambom, P. B., and Sleeman, H. K., Thoracic duct lymph in shock gas exchange, acid base balance, and lysosomal enzymes in hemorrhagic and endotoxin shock. Ann. Surg. 169, 202-209 (1969). 

SakaoY,Takeda K,Tsutsui H, KaishoT, Nomura F, Okamura H, Nakanishi K, Akira S IL-18-deficient mice are resistant to endotoxin-induced liver injury but highly susceptible to endotoxin shock. Int Immunol. 11 471-480,1999... 

Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor and subsequent endotoxin shock by prifenidone. Inti. J. Immunol. 20 685-95... 

PAF receptor Reduced anaphylactic response to antigens. Intact endotoxin shock response... 

Schlievert PM Enhancement of host susceptibility to lethal endotoxin shock by staphylococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C. Infect Immun 1982 36 123-128. 

Pernow, J., Hemsen, A., Hallen, A. Lundberg, J.M. (1990) Release of endothelin-like immunoreactivity in relation to neuropeptide Y and catecholamines during endotoxin shock and asphyxia in the pig. Acta Physiol. Scand. 140, 311-322. 

---