Patents 60, Marketability

In the biotechnology age, the body really does have cash value as a potential source of valuable patents, marketable products and useful... 

Cabri, W., Ghetti, P., Pozzi, G, and Alpegiani, M. (2007). Polymorphisms and patent, market, and legal battles cefdinir case studyQrg. Process Res. Dev., 11 64-72. 

Some of the most important document types containing device information include patents, market reports, conference proceedings, analyst reports, venture capital reports, and association publications. The following sections of this chapter will include discussions of specific sources and strategies to address these information challenges. 

Anonymous Drugs Under Patent the Comprehensive Guide to FDA-Approved Pharmaceuticals Under Patent Market Exclusivity, FOI Services, Gaithersburg, 1996. 

Pioneer Company Product Indication (s) US Patent/ Market Exclusivity Expires EU Patent/ Market Exclusivity Expires... 

It must be novel (i.e., sufficiently new and unHke anything that has been previously patented, marketed, practiced, publicized, or published). 

The three main sources of competitive advantage in the manufacture of high value protein products are first to market, high product quaUty, and low cost (3). The first company to market a new protein biopharmaceutical, and the first to gain patent protection, enjoys a substantial advantage. The second company to enter the market may find itself enjoying only one-tenth of the sales. In the absence of patent protection, product differentiation becomes very important. Differentiation reflects a product that is purer, more active, or has a greater lot-to-lot consistency. 

Sol—Gel Sintered Aluminum Oxide. A new and much more versatile sintered alumina abrasive is now produced from aluminum monohydrate, with or without small additions of modifiers such as magnesia, by the sol—gel process (see Sol-gel technology). The first modified sol—gel abrasive on the market, Cubitron, was patented (27) and produced by the 3M Corporation for products such as coated belts and disks. The success of this material promoted intensive research into sol—gel abrasives. 

Mitsui Toatsu Chemical, Inc. disclosed a similar process usiag Raney copper (74) shortiy after the discovery at Dow, and BASF came out with a variation of the copper catalyst ia 1974 (75). Siace 1971 several hundred patents have shown modifications and improvements to this technology, both homogeneous and heterogeneous, and reviews of these processes have been pubHshed (76). Nalco Chemical Company has patented a process based essentially on Raney copper catalyst (77) ia both slurry and fixed-bed reactors and produces acrylamide monomer mainly for internal uses. Other producers ia Europe, besides Dow and American Cyanamid, iaclude AUied CoUoids and Stockhausen, who are beheved to use processes similar to the Raney copper technology of Mitsui Toatsu, and all have captive uses. Acrylamide is also produced ia large quantities ia Japan. Mitsui Toatsu and Mitsubishi are the largest producers, and both are beheved to use Raney copper catalysts ia a fixed bed reactor and to sell iato the merchant market. 

Mitsubishi Rayon Co. has developed an acrylic asbestos replacement fiber with a tensile strength of almost 600 MPa (87,000 psi) (78,79). In addition, patents for acrylic asbestos replacement fibers have been obtained by Asahi (80), Wuestefeld (81), REDCO (82), and Hoechst (83). The Hoechst fiber, marketed under the trade name Dolanit (originally Dolan 10), is offered in two forms as shown in Table 4. 

Polymerization. The first successful polymerizations of VDE in aqueous medium using peroxide initiators at 20—150°C and pressures above 30 MPa were described in a patent issued in 1948 (73). About a year later, the first copolymerizations of VDE with ethylene and halogenated ethylenes were also patented (74). After a hiatus of over 12 years a commercially feasible process was developed and PVDE was ready for market introduction (2). 

The market for antiulcer agents (Fig. 1) is large and is comprised of both prescription and over the counter (OTC) products. The estimated prescription market is over 3 biUion aimuaHy in the United States, whereas the more difficult to estimate OTC market is in the range of 500 million aimuaHy. Several pharmaceutical companies are attempting to obtain approval for OTC use of prescription-only agents, and patent protection for several of the histamine antagonists mns out in the mid-1990s. 

This seaweed became known as Irish moss. The extraction and purification of the polysaccharide from Irish moss was patented in 1871 (29). This polysaccharide eventually became known as carrageenan it was not produced and marketed until 1937. 

Agricultural Uses. Pesticides represent the second largest commercial market for hydrazine. Hundreds of hydrazine derivatives have been patented for a wide range of agricultural appHcations. Table 13 presents a sampling of the 50—60 that are commercially available or developmental products. These compounds are made from hydrazine, MMH, and UDMH and are for the most part heterocycHc nitrogen compounds (see Insect control technology). 

Another market appHcation for naphthenic acid is the tire industry, where cobalt naphthenate is used as an adhesion promoter (see Adhesives Tire cords). Cobalt naphthenate improves the bonding of brass-plated steel cords to mbber, presumably by suppressing the de-zincification of brass (50). Its first reported use was in 1970 and the first patent for its use was issued in 1975 (51). About 900 t of cobalt naphthenate is used worldwide as an adhesion promoter, half of it in North America. The unit value fluctuates between 8.75—13.25 /kg because of the volatility of cobalt prices. Although it is the industry standard, the use of cobalt naphthenate is declining with the advent of more economical high metal-containing substitutes. 

The resulting discoveries may provide a broad range of solutions or products. For example, invention may result from basic research and development efforts directed toward products which ate essential to basic commercial efforts. Alternatively, invention may result in products or appHcations which add value to basic commercial products that ate already in existence. Inventions may also be used to assist an individual or company in commercial efforts toward developing a defensive posture in any given marketplace. When patented, appHcations may also provide an extended opportunity to Hcense or market the patent without the actual production of a product by the inventor. 

The initial research effort may prove to be a broad spectmm of apphcations or solutions to the original problem that in turn provide any number of inventions. When efforts move toward reducing the invention to practice and refining the invention so that it proves to be commercially marketable, certain apphcations may prove to be unfeasible or commercially impractical. As a result, only one apphcation, eg, the creation of a given pattern on the surface of the automobile tire, may ultimately prove commercially marketable. However, ah the solutions which are developed and considered over the research and development process may comprise inventions that are worthy of disclosure and claiming in a patent. An apphcation which is not commercially viable today may become viable within the seventeen-year lifetime of a patent. 

Dmg Patents Interna-tional Data-Stai, DIALOG, ORBIT, STN IMSWodd Pubhcations Ltd. international, marketed pharmaceuticals bibhographic data information relating to dmgs covered by patents... 

Researchers at Phillips Petroleum Company developed a commercially viable process for the synthesis of PPS involving the polymerization of /)-dich1orohenzene and a sodium sulfide source in a polar organic compound at elevated temperature and pressure. This Phillips process was patented in 1967 (18). Between 1967 and 1973, Phillips built and operated a pilot plant, estabhshed market demand, and constmcted a hiU-scale commercial plant. In 1973, the world s first PPS plant came on-stream in Phillips faciUty in Borger, Texas. 

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