Intentional release

Risk The potential for damage to or loss of an asset. Risk, in the context of process security, is the potential for a catastrophic outcome to be realized. Examples of the catastrophic outcomes that are typically of interest include an intentional release of hazardous materials to the atmosphere, or the theft of hazardous materials that could later be used as weapons, or the contamination of hazardous materials that may later harm the public, or the economic costs of the damage or disruption of a process. 

Introduction Priorto September 11, 2001, known as 9/11, chemical process safety activities primarily focused on accidental release risks and excluded most considerations of intentional releases. Security was provided mostly for lesser threats than such extreme acts of violence, and terrorism was generally not provided for except in high-security areas of the world. Exceptions to this included general concerns for sabotage. This was due to a perception that these risks were managed adequately, and that the threat of a terrorist attack, particularly on U.S. chemical manufacturing facilities or transportation system, was remote. 

Intentional release risk is a function of Consequences of a successful attack against an asset Likelihood of a successful attack against an asset Accidental release risk is a function of Consequences of an accidental event Likelihood of the occurrence of the event... 

Report suspected cases of smallpox or suspected intentional release of smallpox to your local health department. The local health department is responsible for notifying the state health department, the FBI, and local law enforcement. The state health department will notify the CDC. 

Illness Associated with the Intentional Release of a Biologic Agent... 

When a laboratory is unable to identify an organism in a clinical specimen, it should be sent to a laboratory where the agent can be characterized, such as the state public health laboratory or, in some large metropolitan areas, the local health department laboratory. Any clinical specimens suspected to contain variola (smallpox) should be reported to local and state health authorities and then transported to CDC. All variola diagnostics should be conducted at CDC laboratories. Clinical laboratories should report any clusters or findings that could indicate intentional release of a biologic agent to their state and local health departments. 

Health-care providers, clinical laboratory personnel, infection control professionals, and health departments play critical and complementary roles in recognizing and responding to illnesses caused by intentional release of biologic agents. The syndrome descriptions, epidemiologic clues, and laboratory recommendations in this report provide basic guidance that can be implemented immediately to improve recognition of these events. 

Indications of intentional release of a biologic agent may include ... 

Hazard assessment. A hazard assessment is required to assess the potential effects of an accidental (or intentional) release of a covered chemical/material. This RMP element generally includes performing an off-site consequence analysis (OCA) and the compilation of a five-year accident history. The OCA must include analysis of a least one worst-case scenario. It must also include one alternative release scenario for the flammables class as a whole also each covered toxic substance must have an alternative release scenario. USEPA has summarized some simplified consequence modeling... 

Production, Import/Export, Use, and Release and Disposal. Fuel oils are used primarily as heating oils and in engines (Air Force 1989). Most releases of fuel oils are the result of spills either on land or water (EPA 1981 Strayer et al. 1983). Few data are available on current production volumes for specific fuel oils such as fuel oil no. 4. Further information on the production volumes for each fuel oil, environmental releases, and disposal of fuel oils would aid in assessing the potential for human exposure as a result of accidental or intentional release. 

As early as 1975, participants in the Asilomar conference expressed their concerns over the safety and wisdom of releasing GEMs. At that time the primary concern was accidental release, but we are now pursuing intentional releases. The successful release of several recombinant bacteria has done little to alleviate concerns over perceived ecological dangers (Halvorson et al., 1985). 

REACH has therefore become more evenly balanced in terms of its requirements for substances manufactured in the EU and substances in articles that are imported from outside the EU. Non-EU producers of articles will not need to register all the raw materials and processing chemicals used during production, as their EU-counterparts will need to do. Major questions therefore concern what constitutes intentional release, how imports will be monitored and enforced, how many substances may be placed on the candidate list for authoirsation as SVHC, how the European Commission may propose to adapt the legislation, and how the Agency will execute its given powers. 

The intentional release or accidental leakage or spill of certain chemical substances into the environment can have devastating consequences on human health. Nurses need to be aware of the environmental and safety... 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2001a). Recognition of illness associated with the intentional release of a biologic agent. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 50, 893-897. 

A chemical emergency occurs when a hazardous chemical has been accidentally or intentionally released and has the potential to harm the health of people (CDC, 2002a). Unlike biological agents, which require an incubation period before symptoms appear, a chemical agent, when released, makes its presence known im-... 

Stability of the BoNT protein should be considered in an assessment of the threat posed by intentional release of the toxins. In addition to the remarkable persistence of the toxin in biological fluids and beverages described above, BoNT remains a potent environmental threat. BoNT/A was subjected to desiccation to simulate the residue of an intentional release. Following 28 days of drying, the toxin still possessed remarkable paralytic properties (Williams et ah, 2007). 

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