Fire protection passive

A fact in most fire accidents is that fire is always initiated with small burning items such as electrical fixtures, stoves, and heating units [2]. The spread of fire becomes essential for the development of small fires to catastrophes. Therefore, the basic 

HigH Temperature Performance of Polymer Composites, First Edition. Yu Bai and Thomas Keller. 

Both chemical and physical mechanisms may be involved during their functioning. The former include the interruption of the gas phase reaction and the prevention of the formation of CO or CO2 through the redirection of carbon to a char layer. The latter are the cooHng of the sohd polymer through latent heat absorption, dilution of combustible volatile gases, and the insulation of heat through the formation of a char layer [5]. 

Phosphorus-based retardants possess the second largest market [1] and comprise a large number of forms associated with different mechanisms. Among these, a basic mechanism is achieved through the reactions between chemicals produced 

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OTI634 Jet-fire resistance test of passive fire protection materials... 

Water spray systems for hydrocarbon facilities are routinely specified because of the rapid application means the system can provide and the excellent heat absorption a water based system represents. Water sprays are also used when passive fire protection measures (i.e., fireproofing, spacing, etc.) cannot practically be utilized. The key to providing an effective system is to ensure the surfaces to be protected receive adequate water densities and that the arrangements to activate the system are equally fast acting. By far the highest... 

What are active and passive fire protection systems ... 

A passive fire protection system requires no action to occur for it to function per its design intent. Examples of passive fire protection methods are fireproofing, spill containment, and physical separation of units and buildings. 

Determining the level and extent of passive fire protection which may be required. 

Steel, aluminum, concrete, and other materials that form part of a process or building frame are subject to structural failure when exposed to fire. Bare metal elements are particularly susceptible to damage. A structural member undergoes any combination of three basic types of stress compression, tension, and shear. The time to failure of the structural member will depend on the amount and type of heat flux (i.e., radiation, convection, or conduction), and the nature of the exposure (one-sided flame impingement, flame immersion, etc.). Cooling effects from suppression systems and effects of passive fire protection will reduce the impact. 

The mitigation (if any)—from cooling water or of passive fire protection on steel. 

Passive protection can be used to increase the time to structural failure. For example, intumescent mastic coatings of less than 1 inch thickness have been shown to provide up to 4 hours of fire resistance when applied to steel columns. Cementitious materials have been shown to provide 1-4 hours fire resistance for thicknesses of 2.5-6.3 cm (1-2.5 in). For additional information on passive fire protection, see Chapter 7. 

Experiments on gas jet fires impinging on steel tubular members by Shell/British Gas (Offshore Research Focus, 1980) evaluated two types of passive fire protection ... 

This section discusses basic design guidelines for fireproofing or passive fire protection in areas where flammable liquids and gases are processed, handled, and stored. API 2218, Fireproofing Practices in Petroleum and Petrochemical Processing Plants (API, 1999) can be referenced for additional information. 

Fireproofing is a fire resistant material or system that is applied to a surface to delay heat transfer to that surface. Fireproofing, a form of passive fire protection, protects against intense and prolonged heat exposure that can cause the weakening of steel and eventual collapse of unprotected equipment, vessels, and supports and lead to the spread of burning liquids and substantial loss of property. The primary purpose is to improve the capability of equipment/struc-... 

Separation distance provides the basic passive fire protection feature for process structures. The separation distance between different process structures and from storage areas, utility operations, and important buildings or facilities should be based on the hazards and risks involved. Refer to Guidelines for Facility Siting and Layout (CCPS, 2003b) for further spacing guidance. 

Fire-resistive insulation should be provided as passive fire protection for critical load bearing heater supports. Critical supports include those for the firebox, the convection section, any "breeching" (combustion exhaust gas connections to a... 

In general, compressors, like pumps, handling flammable materials should be provided with passive fire protection by spacing and layout by separating the compressors from ... 

Passive fire protection for electrical power cables, instrument cables and lines, wiring, and nonmetallic tubing can be provided in a number of ways, including ... 

I n larger MCCs, if the combustible loading gets extensive, then passive fire protection, e.g., fire-resistant cables or passive fire protection should be considered. The practices of using multiple tiers of cable trays or stripping the outer jacket insulation (to make the cable easier to handle after it enters the room or cabinet) are not recommended. 

Passive fire protection for cooling towers involves increasing spacing distances and using noncombustible materials of construction. For cooling towers of totally noncombustible materials of construction, there are no fire protection requirements. Noncombustible means that the cooling tower s structure, fan and distribution decks, louvers, and fill materials must all be noncombustible materials. 

Passive Fire Protection (PFP)—barrier, coating, physical condition (i.e., spacing), or other safeguard that provides protection against the heat from a fire without the need for action to be taken. 

Certain types of synthetic rubbers such as neoprenes and hypalons when suitably compounded with asbestos fillers are flame resistant and give passive fire protection. This safety aspect is a key priority in many chemical and engineering industries as well. These fire protection technologies are used to protect structures and equipment against all types of fires including the extreme conditions of a jet fire. 

Passive fire protection (flame retardants in plastics) is an important societal benefit. 

Passive fire protection can be developed in a way that is environmentally friendly and is easily recycled. 

The human and economic costs of fire damage can be significantly reduced if not eliminated by the use of a suitable passive fire protection system. 

Buckland I., Characterisation of passive fire protection materials against jet fire impingement, DIN TD5/005, 2003. 

As mentioned earlier, the fire hazard of interior finish materials is primarily due to the potential for rapid wind-aided flame spread over the surface. It is therefore not a surprise that reaction-to-fire requirements for interior finish materials in U.S. building codes are primarily based on performance in a wind-aided flame spread test. The apparatus of this test is often referred to as the Steiner tunnel. The Steiner tunnel test is described in ASTM E 84. Although the test does not measure any material properties that can be used in a model-based hazard assessment, a discussion of the test is included here due to its practical importance for the passive fire protection of buildings in the United States. 

The NFPA 13 series of sprinkler standards (NFPA 13,10 13D,135 and 13R136) form the bases for all the requirements for sprinkler installations in the United States (and probably worldwide). These standards do not contain any requirements for passive fire protection, but explain how to install sprinklers and in what spaces the sprinkler protection is needed. The recent adoption of requirements for sprinklers in residences and townhouses in the IRC is based on NFPA 13D systems, but most nonresidential occupancies are sprinklered based on the more stringent NFPA 13 systems. 

Subsequent fire involving multiple release sites that may overwhelm fire hazard management measures, particularly if they have been damaged by the explosion (e.g., passive fire protection coating). 

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