Flame applied

Fonti]n A 1982 Combustion and flames Applied Atomic Collision Physics, Vol 5, Special Topics ed FI S W Massey, E W MoDaniel and B Bederson (New York Aoademio)... 

Figure 6. Italian ignition test with a small flame. Left CSE-RF1 flame applied to specimen edge. Right CSE-RF2 flame applied to specimen surface.

A flame could begin with the reactants mixed (premixed) or reactants that might diffuse together (diffusion flame). Generally, a flame is thought of with the reactants in the gas phase. Variations in this viewpoint for a flame or fire process might occur and are defined in special terminology. Indeed, while flame applies to a gas phase reaction, fire,... 

When the sodium or potassium salt is available in a pure state, a known weight is ignited until only a residue of pure carbonate remains. A few drops of cone, sulphuric acid are then carefully added, and heat from a small flame applied until the excess of sulphuric acid is driven off. If any specks of carbon remain the last process is repeated. Finally the residue is weighed as alkali sulphate. 

Snakes-in-the-grass, volcano snakes, etc., depend upon the use of ammonium dichromate. If this material in the form of a powder is made into a conical heap, and a flame applied to the top of it, a visible but not violent combustion proceeds through the mass, which boils up to form a large volume of green material resembling tea leaves. 

Hancock, R.D., Schauer, R. R, Lucht, R. R, and Farrow, R. L. "Dual-Rump Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Measurements of Nitrogen and Oxygen in a Laminar Jet Diffusion Flame." Applied Optics 36 (1997) 3217. 

Many current flammability tests are based on perceived hazards and often involve flames applied to products or materials. Such tests use flames of different type, size, and duration, and test specimens of different size, shape, and orientation, although considerable rationalization has taken place recently. For historical reasons, they are often industry and or product based. The majority of these tests essentially determine whether a product will sustain combustion away from the ignition. source. When assessed in terms of fire hazard analysis, the effective differences between these flames may be minor compared to the actual fire scenario. 

BS 5438 (1995). Flammability of textile fabrics when subjected to a small igniting flame applied to the face or bottom of vertically oriented specimens. 

For aggressive wear applications, a wear-resistant deposit can be welded or flame applied to the flight face. One technique analogous to wear boxes on chutes is to lay spaced radial runs of hard weld deposit, to capture fines in the spaced pockets. A thin bed of the material being handled then presents a layer of like material as a working face. However, the surface slip behaviour on the screw face is then a factor of the internal friction of the material, rather than of a smooth metallic interface. 

BS 5438 1989, British Standard Methods of Test for Flammability of Textile Fabrics when subjected to a Small Igniting Flame Applied to the Face or Bottom Edge of Vertically Oriented Specimens (1989). 

When the specimen shrinks, elongates, melts, etc., additional tests are carried out using test plaques (152 x 152 mm) imder Method B. These tests are conducted in various positions both vertical and horizraital positions of the plaques with flame applied to different places in the plaques, using the procedure as in Method A. The observations focus on the same items as in Method A. 

Hexane. Hexane may be irritating to the respiratory tract. It can also act as an intoxicant and a depressant of the central nervous system. It can cause skin irritation because it is an excellent solvent for skin oils. The most serious hazard, however, comes from its flammability. The precautions recommended for using diethyl ether in the presence of open flames apply equally to hexane. 

Israel SI 755- ignitability test. Specified in Israeli Building Regulations. A 120 mmxl2 mm specimen is mounted at 45° and a gas flame applied to the lower edge for 30 seconds. The best classification is given if there is no ignition of the specimen on contact with the flame. 

Polyhalogen compounds Chloroform Generally do not ignite until burner flame applied directly to the substance... 

Classification Test has been revised to eliminate "SB", "SE", Vertical, Group VO — does not burn for more Class A — Materials which after a 60-s flame appli- The limiting oxygen concentration is defined as... 

Figure 2.58. Flame applied hard surfacing toflight tips.

Procedure 2, which involves the use of test plaques, is similar to Procedure 1, the only difference being the positioning of the test plaques. The five different positions include (1) plaque vertical with the flame applied to the lower corner of the plaque, (2) plaque vertical with the flame applied to the lower edge, (3) plaque vertical with the flame applied to the center of one side of the plaque, (4) plaque horizontal with the flame applied to the center of the bottom surface of the plaque, and (5) plaque horizontal with the flame directed downward to the top surface of the plaque. 

Daniel RG. McNesby KL and Miziolek AW (1996) The application of tunable diode laser diagnostics for temperature and species concentration profiles of inhibited low pressure flames. Applied Optics 35. 

McNesby KL, Daniel RG and Miziolek AW (1995) Tomographic analysis of CO absorption in a low-pressure flame. Applied Optics 34 3318-3324. 

Miller JH. Elreedy S. Ahvazi B. Woldu F and Hassanzadeh P (1993) Tunable diode-laser measurement of carbon monoxide concentration and temperature in a laminar methane-air diffusion flame. Applied Optics 32 6082-6089. 

---