Particulate matter nitrogen

For any pollutant, air quality criteria may refer to different types of effects. For example. Tables 22-1 through 22-6 list effects on humans, animals, vegetation, materials, and the atmosphere caused by various exposures to sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and lead. These data are from fhe Air Quality Criteria for these pollutants published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 

Criteria air pollutants air pollutants or classes of pollutants regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency the air pollutants are (including VOCs) ozone, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and lead. 

Monn C Exposure assessment of air pollutants A review on spatial heterogeneity and indoor/outdoor/personal exposure to suspended particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ozone. Atmos Environ 35 1, 2001... 

A relationship between ambient air pollution and daily mortality and morbidity rates has been reported for many cities throughout the world (Schwela, 2000 Stieb et al., 2002 Glinianaia et al., 2004 Gordon et al., 2004). The relevant contaminants include sulfur dioxide, suspended particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and lead (Schwela, 2000). Ambient air pollution has been declared an important health problem for developing countries. A considerable burden of disease has been reported for cities such as New Delhi, India (Pande et al., 2002) Santiago, Chile (Ostro et al.,... 

While these vary depending on compound class, for aU POPs considered in this chapter, indoor-outdoor air concentration ratios exceed 1 (Abdallah, Harrad, and Covaci, 2008 Currado and Harrad, 1998 Harrad, Hazrati, and Ibarra, 2006 Shoeib et ah, 2004, 2005). Hence, unlike classical air pollutants like particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and ozone, there appears negligible influence of outdoor sources on the indoor environment. 

Table 14 Hygiene standards for carbon dioxide, inhalable particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide in indoor air ...

Pollutant Formation and Control in Flames Key combustion-generated air pollutants include nitrogen oxides (NOJ, sulfur oxides (principally SO9), particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and unburned hydrocarbons. 

Type of process Particulate matter Sulfur oxides as SO2 Carbon monoxide Nitrogen oxides as NO2 Fluorides... 

TTte most cost-effective methods of reducing emissions of NO are the use of low-NO burners and the use of low nitrogen fuels such as natural gas. Natural gas has the added advantage of emitting almost no particulate matter or sulfur dioxide when used as fuel. Other cost-effective approaches to emissions control include combustion modifications. These can reduce NO emissions by up to 50% at reasonable cost. Flue gas treatment systems can achieve greater emissions reductions, but at a much higher cost. 

Compounds considered carcinogenic that may be present in air emissions include benzene, butadiene, 1,2-dichloroethane, and vinyl chloride. A typical naphtha cracker at a petrochemical complex may release annually about 2,500 metric tons of alkenes, such as propylenes and ethylene, in producing 500,000 metric tons of ethylene. Boilers, process heaters, flares, and other process equipment (which in some cases may include catalyst regenerators) are responsible for the emission of PM (particulate matter), carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides (200 tpy), based on 500,000 tpy of ethylene capacity, and sulfur oxides (600 tpy). 

Emissions to the atmosphere from ammonia plants include sulfur dioxide (SOj), nitrogen oxides (NOJ, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (COj), hydrogen sulfide (HjS), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter, methane, hydrogen cyanide, and ammonia. The two primary sources of pollutants, with typical reported values, in kilograms per ton (kg/t) for the important pollutants, are as follows ... 

Air The composition of gases that make up the earth s atmosphere, approximately 79% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. Pure air has no definite meaning regarding the proportion of these gases this term is used to imply the absence of industrial particulate matter. 

Directs national efforts to meet air quality goals, particularly for smog, air toxics, carbon monoxide, lead, particulate matter (soot and dust), sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. The office is responsible for more than half of the guidance documents, regulations, and regulatory activities required by the Clean Air Act Amendments of1990. 

SIPs are intended to prevent air pollution emergency episodes. The phms are directed toward preventing excessive buildup of air pollutants tliat me known to be harmful to the population and the enviroiunent when concentrations exceed certain limits. The compounds affected under the implementation plans are sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, ctirbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone. A contingency plan, which will outline the steps to be taken in tlie event tliat a particular pollutant concentration reaches tlie level at wliich it can be considered to be hannful, must be included in each implementation plan. The implementation plans are solely based on tlie continuous emission of tlie previously stated air pollutants. They do not mandate any actions to be taken in tlie event of an accidental toxic release. 

The pollutants most strongly damaging to human, animal, and sometimes plant health include ozone, fine particulate matter, lead, nitrogen oxides (NO ), sulfur oxides (SOJ, and carbon monoxide. Many other chemicals found in polluted air can cause lesser health impacts (such as eye irritation). VOC compounds comprise the bulk of such chemicals. Formaldehyde is one commonly mentioned pollutant of this sort, as is PAN (peroxyacyl nitrate). Such... 

Burning fossil fuels can release air pollutants such as carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, ozone, and particulate matter. Sulfur and nitrogen oxides contribute to acid rain ozone is a component of urban smog, and particulate matter affects respiratory health. In fact, several studies have documented a disturbing correlation between suspended particulate levels and human mortality. It is estimated that air pollution may help cause 500,000 premature deaths and millions of new respiratory illnesses each year. 

Power plant emissions result from the comhustion of fossil fuels such as coal, gas, and oil. These emissions include sulfur dioxide (SO,), nitrogen oxides (NO.,), particulate matter, and hazardous air pollutants, all of which are subject to environmental regulations. Another emission is carbon dioxide (CO,), suspected of being responsible for global warming. 

High levels of sulfur not only form dangerous oxides, but they also tend to poison the catalyst in the catalytic converter. As it flows over the catalyst in the exliaust system, the sulfur decreases conversion efficiency and limits the catalyst s oxygen storage capacity. With the converter working at less than maximum efficiency, the exhaust entering the atmosphere contains increased concentrations, not only of the sulfur oxides but also, of hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxides, toxic metals, and particulate matter. 

In April of 1998, the EPA published a final rule for emission of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), hydrocarbons (EIC), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), and smoke opacity for newly manufactured and rcmanufacturcd locomotives. The rulemaking took effect in 2000 and is estimated by the EPA to cost the railroads 80 million per year—about 163 per ton of NOx reduced, according to EPA figures. The emissions standards for the several pollutants will be implemented in three tiers—for locomotives... 

Almost all the major car, bus, and truck manufacturers have developed compressed natural gas engines and vehicles. These manufacturers have been able to offer better performance (due to higher octane) and far lower emissions of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. In 1998, Honda introduced the cleanest internal combustion engine vehicle ever commercially produced the natural gas Civic GX with emissions at one-tenth the state of California s Ultra Low Emission Vehicle standard. Primarily due to the high octane of natural gas, Honda achieved these results without sacrificing performance. 

Many GTL-derived fuels are being considered for blending with gasoline and diesel to achieve emission reductions of particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen compounds (NOx) and nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC). The most promising fuels converted from natural gas are methanol and ethers such as dimethyl ether (DME) and mcthyl-t-bntyl ether (MTBE). 

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