Particulate matter fates

Solids containing oxidized anions (carbonates, sulfates, hydroxides, and oxides) are the dominant forms of Cu in airborne particulate matter. In the few studies that have addressed the reactions of these particles in atmospheric washout, about 50% of the copper has been found to be soluble. Since the solubility is strongly dependent on pH, acid precipitation and acidification of receiving waters may have a significant effect on the form and fate of airborne copper. 

Particle Transport. Because many organic chemicals bind with aquatic particulate matter, particle transport can determine the fate of compounds. Sediment transport has been of interest to the engineering profession for many years. Many discussions of the dynamics of fluvial sediment transport have appeared in the literature (11, 12). As with hydrodynamic transport, one strategy for environmental modeling is to "piggy-back the transport of sorbed chemicals on a model of transport of the sediment phase. 

Any compartment of the aquatic ecosystem can be represented as a particular volume containing water, particulate matter, biota, dissolved materials, etc. Loadings and exports are represented as mass fluxes across the boundaries of the volume element (processes Se, D and L). Reactive processes are treated as point processes centered within the volume. Thus, the EXAMS model takes into account both physical and chemical processes that affect the environmental fate of a particular chemical. 

Dowson and coworkers studied partitioning and sorptive behavior of tributyltin (TBT) and its degradation products, dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT) in the aquatic environment107. The determination of the sorptive behavior of TBT is necessary in order to understand its fate in freshwater and estuary environments. The results indicate that MBT and TBT in freshwater will be partitioned to a lesser extent towards the particulate phase, whereas DBT exhibits a 50 50 partitioning between the particulate and solution phases. In estuary waters, MBT will almost exclusively be adsorbed on the particulates, while TBT will be predominantly in the solid-phase fractions but 10-30% may remain in solution. DBT, in contrast, is solubilized in estuary waters. The order of adsorption to particulate matter for butyltins is MBT > TBT > DBT107. 

The fate and transport of chlordecone is very similar to mirex. Based on its low vapor pressure and high K°°, chlordecone in the air may be expected to be associated primarily with particulate matter (Kenaga 1980). However, only small amounts of chlordecone may volatilize into the air. Chlordecone volatilizes more slowly from water (0.024% applied amount/mL of evaporated water) than from sand, loam, or humus soil (0.036%, 0.035%, and 0.032%, respectively) (Kilzeretal. 1979). 

Eadie BJ, Robbins JA. 1987. The role of particulate matter in the movement of contaminants in the Great Lakes USA, Canada. In Hites RA, Eisenreich SJ, eds. Advances in chemistry series, 216. Sources and Fates of Aquatic Pollutants, Symposium at the 190th Meeting of The American Chemical Society, Chicago, IL, September 8-13, 1985. Washington, DC American Chemical Society, 11 319-364. 

Weber, J.B. Interaction of organic pesticides with particulate matter in aquatic and soil systems, in Fate of Organic Pesticides in the Aquatic Environment, Advances in Chemistry Series, Gould, R.F., Ed. (Washington, DC American Chemical Society, 1972), pp. 55-120. 

As we have seen, key nitroarenes found in extracts of ambient particulate matter are 1-nitropyrene (1-N02-Py), predominant in primary combustion emissions, and 2-nitrofluoranthene and 2-nitropyrene, major products of gas-phase atmospheric reactions. Here we focus simply on their atmospheric fates as particle-bound species participating in heterogeneous decay processes. Formation of such nitro-PAHs in gas-phase reactions is addressed in Section F. 

Morawska L, Jayaratne ER, Rnibbs LD, Megatmokhtar M (2010) Regulations and policy measures related to the reduction of ambient particulate matter. In Zereini F, Wiseman C (eds) Urban particulate matter origins, chemistry, fate and health impacts. Springer, Berlin... 

The photo degradation of PAHs is a topic of current interest worldwide. Information on the fate of particulate PAHs released to the atmosphere is at present fragmentary and unclear. It is generally assumed, however, that photochemical oxidation processes play an important role. Studies have shown that PAHs associated with atmospheric particulate matter decay rapidly in sunlight under appropriate atmospheric conditions. Their decay rates are strongly influenced by light intensity, temperature, water vapor concentration, and other atmospheric parameters (Kamens et al., 1988). A number of studies have demonstrated that the nature of solid... 

Water chemistry Fate of inorganic and organic pollutants in natural waters Analytical chemistry of natural waters and trace contaminants Trace metal-particulate matter interactions Structure-activity relationships for organic compounds Aquatic colloid chemistry Precipitation chemistry/acid rain... 

The examples above illustrate the importance of understanding the transport and transformation of particulate matter in the ocean. Vertical transport processes are primarily considered when examining the fate of biogenic particles formed in surface waters. Lateral transport processes influence the dispersion into the ocean interior of particulate material eroded from continents. Much of this dispersion occurs by eddy mixing, but advection by ocean currents plays an important role in transport of marine particles as well. A complete understanding of the cycling of material within the oceans relies on an accurate knowledge of particle transport. 

It influences the distribution of substances between the aqueous phase and particulate matter, which, in turn, affects their transport through the various reservoirs of the earth. The affinity of the solutes to the surfaces of the conveyor belt of the settling inorganic and biotic particles in the ocean (and in lakes) regulates their (relative) residence time, their residual concentrations, and their ultimate fate. Adsorption has a pronounced effect on the speciation of aquatic constituents. 

If released to soil, chlorobenzilate is expected to have low mobility, and therefore unlikely to leach into groundwater. Volatilization from soils is not expected to be a significant fate process. The half-life of chlorobenzilate in fine sandy soils was estimated to be 10-35 days, and degradation was primarily microbial. In silty clay loam and clay soils, the half-life of chlorobenzilate was estimated to be 10.8-15.1 and 29.5-169.1 days, respectively. If released into water, chlorobenzilate is expected to adsorb to particulate matter and sediment. Bioconcentration factors in carp were 224-709, indicating the potential for moderate to high accumulation in aquatic organisms. If released into air, chlorobenzilate will exist in both vapor and particulate phases. The half-life of... 

The fate of endrin in the atmosphere is unknown, but it probably will be primarily associated with particulate matter and be removed mainly by rainout and dry deposition. 

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