Trace element contamination

Table 8.11. Chemicals and minerals for the remediation of trace element contaminated arid and semi-arid soils...

Table 8.12. Plant species for the phytoremediation of trace element contaminated soils...

Cain, D.J., S.N. Luoma, J.L. Carter, and S.V. Fend. 1992. Aquatic insects as bioindicators of trace element contamination in cobble-bottom rivers and streams. Canad. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49 2141-2154. 

The analysis of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solutions manufactured by SACHEM Inc. of Cleburne, Texas, includes the determination of trace elements. These elements cause less-than-optimum performance of integrated circuit boards manufactured by SACHEM s customers that use these solutions in their processes. Alkali and alkaline earth metals (e.g., Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, and Ba) can reduce the oxide breakdown voltage of the devices. In addition, transition and heavy metal elements (e.g., Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Au, and Pb) can produce higher dark current. Doping elements (e.g., B, Al, Si, P, As, and Sn) can alter the operating characteristics of the devices. In SACHEM s quality control laboratory, ICP coupled to mass spectrometry is used to simultaneously analyze multiple trace elements in one sample in just 1 to 4 min. This ICP-MS instrument is a state-of-the-art instrument that can provide high throughput and low detection Emits at the parts per thousand level. Trace elemental determination at the parts per thousand level must be performed in a clean room so that trace elemental contamination from airborne particles can be minimized. 

PluhatorMurton, M. M.,Fedorak, R.N., Audette, P. J., Marriage, B. J., and Yatscoff, R. W. (1996), Extent of trace-element contamination from simulated compounding of total parenteral nutrient solutions, Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm., 53, 2299-2303. 

On the basis of chemical profile, Wood (38) predicted that arsenic, selenium, and tellurium will be methylated in the environment, and lead, cadmium, and zinc will not. Elemental concentration in the aquatic food chain has been reported for As (39), Hg (40), Cd (41), Pb (42), and Cu (43). The biological half-life of methylmercury in fish, for example, is one to two years (44). Pillay et al. (40) implicated heavy coal burning in the mercurial contamination of plankton and fish populations of Lake Erie. Other metals, notably cadmium, have been shown to be incorporated into the grazing grasses surrounding a coal burning source (27). Trace element contamination, therefore, can enter the food chain at various points. Disposal of solid wastes in the form of ash and slag is yet another environmental consideration (45). 

Helmke, P.A., Koons, R.D., Schomberg, P.J. and Iskandar, I.K. (1977) Determination of trace element contamination of sediments by multielement analysis of clay-size fraction. Environmental Science and Technology, 11(10), 984-89. 

Rognerud, S. and Fjeld, E. (2001) Trace element contamination of Norwegian lake sediments. Ambio, 30(1), 11-19. 

Adamo, P., Zampella, M., Gianfreda, L., Renella, G., Rutighano, F. A., and Terribile, F. (2006). Impact of river overflowing on trace element contamination of volcanic soils in south Italy Part I. Trace element speciation in relation to soil properties. Environ. Pollut. 144(1), 308—316. 

Because the current research efforts on the 11-VI semiconductor ZnO are directed for example to blue and UV-optoelectronic devices, the cleanness requirements of the established semiconductor processes should be applied also for ZnO, if possible. To get a first estimate about the trace element contamination of the PLD ZnO films, we analyzed two undoped ZnO thin films by PIXE/RBS for their trace element concentration [65] as given in Table 7.8. For most elements listed in Table 7.8, the detected trace element... 

Arsenic (Note The atomic absorption spectrophotometric graphite furnace methods for arsenic, lead, mercury, and nickel in this monograph were developed at the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Charleston Laboratory, for the determination of these trace element contaminants in materials derived from fish oil. This method is intended for the quantitation of arsenic, lead, mercury, and nickel in marine oils at levels as low as 0.10 pg/g for arsenic and for lead and as low as 0.50 (xg/g for mercury and for nickel.)... 

Wide scans (0 to 1000 eV) were performed for surface elemental analyses. The wide scans were carefully inspected for trace element contamination. Detailed 20 eV scans of the C-ls (275 to 295 eV), 0-ls (520 -540 eV) and Al-2s (105 to 125 eV) regions for the pyrolytic carbon and of the C-ls and 0-ls for the polystyrene were run to determine both elemental stoichiometry and chemical shifts. Standards were available to give accurate chemical shift data for various carbon-oxygen functional groups. These included poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(ethylene oxide) and anthraquinone (17 ). The latter was run at -50°C in order to minimize volatility under our high vacuum conditions. Table I sunmarizes these results. All spectra were charge - referenced to a C-ls line for an alkyl-like carbon at 284.0 eV. The Scofield theoretical XPS photoelectric cross sections ( ) were used for elemental quantitation. 

Zbinden, P., Audrey, D. Determination of trace element contaminants in food matrixes using a robust, routine analytical method for ICP-MS. At. Spectrosc. 19, 214—219 (1998)... 

D. Kinniburgh and P. Smedley, Trace Element Contamination of Ground-waters and Soils, Environ. Chem. Group Newsletter, Roy. Soc. Chem. 10, 2-4, July (1999). 

Allan, A.M., Blakeney, A.B., Batten, G.D. Dunn, T.S. (1999) Impact of grinder configuration on grinding rate, particle size, and trace element contamination of plant samples. CA Selects Trace Element Analysis, Issue 23, 2. 

Data from the Agencies for the control of air pollution in Campania indicate that the urban area of Napoli is seriously affected by nitrogen, sulphur and carbon oxides, ozone, dust, hydrocarbons and trace elements contamination from the atmosphere. 

Crews HM (1996) Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for the analysis of trace element contaminants in foods. In Gilbert J, ed. Progress in Food Contaminant analysis. Blackie Academic and Professional, London. 

Purves, D. Trace-Element Contamination of the Environment. Elsevier/North-HoUand, New York 1977. 

Lecomte, R., Paradis, P., Monaro, S., Barrette, M., Lamoureux, G. and Menard, H.A. (1979). Trace element contamination in blood-collecting devices. Int. J. Nucl. Med. Biol., 6, 207. 

Paudyn, A.. Templeton. D.M. and Baines, A.D. (1989). Use of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for assesing trace element contamination in blood sampling devices. Sci. Tot. Environ., 89, 343. 

Versieck, J., Speecke, A., Hoste, J. and Barbier, F. (1973). Trace-element contamination in biopsies of the liver. Clin. Chem., 19, 472. 

The main purpose of iodine assay in foodstuffs is to obtain data on intake by an individual or a population. Commonly used approaches to evaluate intake of various diet components, such as nutrients, vitamins, minerals and trace elements, contaminants, and so on, involve dietary assessment methods, total diet studies, and the duplicate portion method. In general, their ease of execution and the validity of the results obtained differs for all diet components, and this particularly applies to iodine. The use of biomarkers to assess iodine intake, specifically iodine excretion in urine, is also mentioned. 

Denaix, L., Lamy, L, Masson, P., Mench, M., 2002. Composition or speciation in the soil solution. In Mench, M. (Ed.), COST 837 Meeting on Risk Assessment and Sustainable Land Management Using Plants in Trace Element Contaminated Soil. INRA, Bordeaux, p. 18. 

Purves, D. (ed.) Trace element contamination of the enviromnent. Amsterdam Elsevier 1977... 

The technology required to optimize combustion depends on the capacity, fuel consistency, water content, ash melting behaviour, trace element contaminants and other factors. Where these conditions vary, for example with changeable mixtures of biomass species in the feed, performance will inevitably suffer. 

Many other possible causes of dialysis dementia have been proposed. These inclnde other trace element contaminants, normal pressure hydrocephalus, slow virus infection of the central nervous system, and regional alterations in cerebral blood flow (Arieff, 1990). Slow virus infection of the nervous system is a possible etiology for dialysis dementia. The clinical manifestations resemble those of other slow virus infections, such as Kuru or Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (Selkoe, 1978 4714 Gajdusek, 1985 1662). 

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