Urban particulate matter

Figure 11. Reversed-phase HPLC analysis of total PAH s extracted from SRM 1648, urban particulate matter, with programmed fluorescence detection. (Reprinted from reference 72.

US NIST (1991) Certificate of Analysis. SRM 1648 Urban Particulate Matter. US National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, August 30,1991. 

Comparing rural with "typical" urban samples (2nd entry, Table 5), we find that fossil carbon predominates in the urban particulate matter, and the converse. A significant amount of biogenic carbon is found in the urban samples (even in the absence of wood burning), however and this may be related to vegetative emissions. For example, besides fossil fuel indicators such as... 

FIGURE 9.61 Surface area normalized gas-particle partition coefficients as a function of liquid vapor pressure for some alkanes and PAHs on urban particulate matter (UPM) and quartz fiber filters (QFF) at 30% RH and 70% RH (adapted from Storey et al., 1995 data for UPM from Yamasaki el al. (1982) and Foreman and Bidle-nian (1990)). 

Pankow, J. F., J. M. E. Storey, and H. Yamasaki, Effects of Relative Humidity on Gas Particle Partitioning of Semivolatile Organic Compounds to Urban Particulate Matter, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 2220-2226 (1993). 

A sampling system designed to reduce artifact problems was employed by Liang and co-workers (1997) in an experimental chamber study of the gas-particle partitioning of several PAHs (and //-alkanes) on three types of model aerosols and ambient urban particulate matter. The system consisted of a dual glass fiber filter system as described by Hart and Pankow (1994), followed by two parallel sampling trains for trapping... 

Pagano, P., T. De Zaiacomo, E. Scarcella, S. Bruni, and M. Calam-osca, Mutagenic Activity of Total and Particle-Sized Fractions of Urban Particulate Matter, Environ. Sci, Technol., 30, 3512-3516 (1996). 

Liang, C., and J. F. Pankow, Gas/particle partitioning of organic compounds to environmental tabacco smoke Partition coefficient measurements by desorption and comparison to urban particulate matter , Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 2800-2805 (1996). 

Chemical Analyses. Subsamples (<20 mg) of standing-crop-trap particulate matter were solubilized by acid digestion in sealed all-Teflon bombs (Bombco Inc.) in a procedure modified from Eggiman and Betzer (13). National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference materials River Sediment (SRM 1645), Urban Particulate Matter (SRM 1648), and mixed-element liquid spikes were used to check bomb performance. 

Aurela M, Sillanpaa M, Pennanen A, Makela T, Laakia J, Tolonen-Kivimaki O, Saamio K, Yli-Tuomi T, Aalto P, Salonen I, Pakkanen T, Salonen RO, Hillamo R (2010) Characterization of urban particulate matter for a health-related study in southern Finland. Boreal Environ Res 15 513-532... 

Chrysikou LP, Samara C (2009) Seasonal variation of the size distribution of urban particulate matter and associated organic pollutants in the ambient air. Atmos Environ 43 4557M569... 

Morawska L, Jayaratne ER, Rnibbs LD, Megatmokhtar M (2010) Regulations and policy measures related to the reduction of ambient particulate matter. In Zereini F, Wiseman C (eds) Urban particulate matter origins, chemistry, fate and health impacts. Springer, Berlin... 

The results of Samburova et al. (2005) are in agreement with those of Kiss et al. (2003). Using a laser desorption ionization mass spectrometer (LDI-MS) in water extracts of urban particulate matter, the authors found a broad range of peaks... 

Braun, A., Mun, B. S., Huggins, F. E., and Huffman, G. P. (2007). Carbon speciation of diesel exhaust and urban particulate matter NIST standard reference materials with C(ls) NEXAFS spectroscopy. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41,173-178. 

Terrestrial materials (river sediments, lake sediments, and urban particulate matter) appear to have between 50% and 70% exchangeable Pb and Zn while marine sediments contain very little exchangeable metal but appreciably more reducible and much more residual Pb and Zn (Kersten and Forstner, 1995). This may not be too surprising as exchangeable metals are released once freshwater mixes with salt water and redistribution in the marine environment results in some precipitated phases (carbonates, Fe/Mn oxyhydroxides) and the relative increase in the lithogenic fraction. In future, the solid-phase identification techniques should be used to classify the sediments that are to be subjected to selective extraction techniques for the purpose of understanding the heavy metal phase associations. 

Marcus et al. [234] used a glow-discharge source with direct injection of particles for special samples such as airborne particulates [234]. This novel concept was tested on NIST SRM 1648 Urban Particulate Matter (a composite of airborne particles collected in St Louis, Missouri) as well as on ground caffeine powder and various pure organic substances. 

Pankow JF, Storey JME, Yamasaki H. 1993. Effects of relative humidity on gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds to urban particulate matter. Environ Sci Technol 27(10) 2220-2226. 

Mercaptobenzothiazoles have wide industrial use as surface-active biocides (Reemtsma et al. 1995), and (4-morpholino)-2-ben-zothiazole is used in rubber vulcanization and has been encountered in a range of environmental samples (Kumata et al. 1996). Benzothiazole, 2-hydroxybenzothiazole, and (4-morpholino)-2-benzothiazole have been found in urban runoff, in urban particulate matter, and in road dust, all of which are attributable to their leaching from rubber material (Reddy and Quinn 1997). 

Airborne particulates (Taiwan) Urban Particulate Matter, NIST SRM A1 Fe K Mg Na S Zn Microwave digestion in closed vessel with HNO3/HCIO4/HF [WDMCV] Jarrell-Ash ICAP-9000 simultaneous ICPAESr [ICP-AES], [WDMCV-ICP-AES] Wang et al. (1996a)... 

Pankow JF, Bidleman TF (1992) Interdependence of the slopes and intercepts from log-log correlations of measured gas-particle partitioning and vapor pressure—I. Theory and analysis of available data. Atmos Environ A 26 1071-1080 Pankow JF, Storey JME, Yamasaki H (1993) Effects of relative humidity on gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds to urban particulate matter. Environ Sci Technol 27 2220-2226... 

Healey K, Smith EC, Wild CP, Routledge MN (2006) The mutagenieity of urban particulate matter in an enzyme free system is assoeiated with the generation of reactive oxygen species. Mutat Res 602 1-6... 

Ohura, T., Sawada, K.I., Amagai, T., Shinomiya, M., 2009. Discovery of Novel Halogenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Particulate Matters Occurrence, Photostability, and AhR Activity. Environ Sci Technol 43, 2269-2275. 

Digested certified reference materials of urban particulate matter, lichen, Montand soil and soya bean flour. 

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