Aquatic pollution

The use of water for drinking, cleaning, power production and as a raw material in many processes coupled with the sensitivity of aquatic 

Additionally, however, both the solid and liquid component of waste discharges may contain chemical substances at sufficient concentrations to cause direct harm. These are commonly chlorides sulphates, naturally and from human wastes nitrogen and phosphorus, in various forms from human wastes fertilizers and specific chemicals such as phosphorus from detergents carbonates, bicarbonates, calcium and magnesium salts toxins, heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn trace organics, pesticides, polycycUc aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), chlorinated hydrocarbons and phenols. 

Major diffuse sources of pollution are difficult to locate and hence control. However, there are three main types of pollution with major impact on aquatic systems these are acid rain, nitrate and pesticides. 

Acid rain has been shown to be derived from the release of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen from the combustion of fossil fuels (oil, coal and gas), the principal cause being power production. It is a major problem in Europe and eastern and northern America where the acidity of rainfall is enhanced by the water solubility of these gases. Certain upland regions have soils with a low capacity for the neutralization of an enhanced acidity and 

Synthetic substances that float, remain in suspension, sink or interfere with the use of waters 

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A(jua.tlC Pollution. Aquatic pollution is of some concern from hydrothermal resources. The primary problem is the disposal of highly saline fluids from water-dominated reservoirs. This is generally overcome by pumping into deep reservoirs situated well beneath potable water sources. The fluid... 

Zepp RG, GL Baugham, PA Scholtzhauer (1981a) Comparison of photochemical behaviour of various humic substances in water. I. Sunlight induced reactions of aquatic pollutants photosensitized by humic substances. Chemo sphere 10 109-117. 

Response on Daphnia magna. The use of dispersants for petroleum is often recommended in accidental aquatic pollution simations in which an oil layer is capable of reaching the hanks of a river or water pond. The petroleum is then emulsified in the water, which makes it bioavailable for degrading organisms. However, this bioavailability may be responsible for an increase of the oil toxicity for the living organisms in the water. In addition, the dispersant itself is potentially toxic and its release in the environment must be controlled. 

Andren, A. W., Doucette, W. J., Dickhut, R. M. (1987) Methods for estimating solubilities of hydrophobic organic compounds Environmental modeling efforts. In Sources and Fates of Aquatic Pollutants. Hites, R. A., Eisenreich, S. J., Eds., pp. 3-26, Advances in Chemistry Series 216, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 

Finally, it should be mentioned that three out of the eight Spanish chlor-alkali plants operating with the mercury process are located in the Ebro River basin in the cities of Sabinanigo and Monzon - along the tributaries Gallego and Cinca Rivers, respectively - and Flix along the Ebro River (Fig. 1). Indeed, mercury emissions from the Hix and Monzon have already been reported [28]. Therefore, the mid-low Ebro River watershed might be considered as a hot spot of aquatic pollution of mercury in Spain. 

Honig, R.A., M.J. McGinniss, A.L. Buikema, Jr., and J. Cairns, Jr. 1980. Toxicity tests of aquatic pollutants using Chilomonas paramecium Ehrenberg (Flagellata) populations. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 25 169-175. 

Boreham, S. and P. Birch. 1987. The use of indicator organisms to assess aquatic pollution following a motorway insecticide spill. Sci. Total Environ. 59 477-480. 

Luebke, R.W. et al., Aquatic pollution-induced immunotoxicity in wildlife species, Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 37, 1, 1997. 

The collection of these data bases include five that are available exclusively from Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) Pollution Abstracts, Toxicology Abstracts, Ecology Abstracts, Health and Safety Science Abstracts, and Aquatic Pollution and... 

Eadie BJ, Robbins JA. 1987. The role of particulate matter in the movement of contaminants in the Great Lakes USA, Canada. In Hites RA, Eisenreich SJ, eds. Advances in chemistry series, 216. Sources and Fates of Aquatic Pollutants, Symposium at the 190th Meeting of The American Chemical Society, Chicago, IL, September 8-13, 1985. Washington, DC American Chemical Society, 11 319-364. 

Murray, J.W. (1987), "Mechanisms controlling the distribution of trace elements in oceans and lakes", in R.A. Hites and S.J. Eisenreich, Eds., Sources and Fates of Aquatic Pollutants, Adv. Chem. Ser. 216. 

Zepp RG, Baughman GL. 1978. Prediction of photochemical transformation of pollutants in the aquatic environment. In Hutzinger U, Van Lilyveld IH, Zoeteman BCJ, eds. Aquatic pollutant Oxford Pergamon Press. 

In the present compilation of the distribution and pharmacokinetic data of a dozen xenobiotics studied in the dogfish shark, this species yielded excellent data consistent with what we know from similar studies on terrestrial mammals. The data from the shark occasionaly provided information not available in other animals. Major transport parameters in this fish were shown to be similar to those found in mammals. This aquatic organism handles lipid-soluble pollutants by sequestering them in its fatty liver. Together with a previous summary (23) we have now studied about three dozen xenobiotics in this species. Because of its ease of handling, low cost, abundance, predictive value of transport mechanisms, and well-developed pharmacokinetics, the dogfish shark is an ideal fish species to use as a model to study aquatic pollutants. 

Bend, J. R., Foureman, G. L., and James, M. 0. Partially induced hepatic mixed-function oxidase systems in individual members of certain marine species from coastal Maine and Florida. In "Aquatic Pollutants Transformation and Biological Effects." Hutzinger, 0., Van Lelyveld, L. H., and Zoeteman, B. C. J. (eds.), pp. 483-486, Pergamon, Oxford,... 

Brassell SC, Eglinton G, Maxwell JR, Philp RP (1978) In Hutzinger O, Van Lelyveld IH, Zoeteman BCJ (eds) Aquatic pollutants. Pergamon Press, Oxford, p 69... 

Miller. G.C. and Zepp, R.G. Photoreactivity of aquatic pollutants sorbed on suspended sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol, 13(7) 860-863, 1979. 

Valschnav, D. "Biochemical oxygen demand data base" Call, D.J. Brooke, L.T. Valschnav, D. AQUATIC POLLUTANT HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF HAZARD PREDICTION TECHNOLOGY BY QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS. University of Wisconsin, Superior research project report (CR809234) 1984. 

Laws, Edward A. Aquatic Pollution An Introductory Text. 3rd ed. New York Wiley, 2000. 

Younger, P. L. 2002b. The importance of pyritic roof strata in aquatic pollutant release from abandoned mines in a major, oolitic, berthierine-chamositc-sidcrite iron ore field, Cleveland, UK. In Younger, P. L. Robins, N. S. (eds) Mine... 

Tuvikene, A., Huuskonen, S., Koponen, K., Ritola, O., Mauer, U. Lindstrom-Seppa, P. 1999. Oil shale processing as a source of aquatic pollution monitoring of the biologic effects in caged and feral freshwater fish. Environmental Health Perspectives, 107, 745-752. 

E. A. Laws. Aquatic Pollution, 2nd Ed. (John Wiley Sons, New York, 1993). 

Sasaki S. 1978. The scientific aspects of the chemical substances control law in Japan. In Hutzinger O, VonLetyveld LH, Zoetman BC eds. Aquatic Pollutants Transformation and biological effects Oxford Pergamon Press 283-298. 

I also thank the authors for their contributions and for accepting editorial criticism intended to improve consistency among chapters. Steve Eisenreich, the co-editor of an earlier Advances volume (Fate and Effects of Aquatic Pollutants) was very helpful in providing advice to a novice editor on how to develop a book of this type. Finally, I would like to thank Cheryl Shanks and Colleen Stamm of the ACS Books Department for their guidance and support. 

Newsome, C. S. Susceptibility of Various Fish Species at Different Stages of Development to Aquatic Pollutants. Comm. Eur. Communities Rep. EUR 1982, 7549, 284-295. 

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