Particles marine

Yang H-S, Hwang D-W Kim G (2002) Factors controlling excess radium in the Nakdong River estuary, Korea submarine groundwater discharge versus desorption from riverine particles. Marine Chem 78 1-8... 

Svetlicic, V., V. Zutic, and J. Tomaic (1990), "Estuarine Transformation of Organic Matter Single Coalescence Events of Estuarine Surface Active Particles", Marine Chemistry 32, 253-267. 

Inhalation of suspended aerosol particles, marine aerosols (drop fraction) and steam ... 

The biogeochemical processes that generally describe the interaction of elements with particles are quite well known dissolution, flocculation, ion exchange, sorption, (co)precipitation, electron transfer, and biological uptake. In aquatic environments these reactions often occur simultaneously and competitively. In order to utilize marine tracers effectively, we must understand how elements are associated with particles and sediments. 

Like many chemical species, thorium exhibits a great affinity for particle surfaces in the marine environment. These other species and thorium are referred to as particle reactive because they are readily removed from the dissolved phase onto the particulate phase. Thorium exists as a hydrolyzed species in seawater, Th(OH) " , and is thus extremely particle reactive. Because of its particle-reactive nature, thorium has been used to examine scavenging as an analog for other... 

Visibility is also affected by alteration of particle size due to hydroscopic particle growth, which is a function of relative humidity. In Los Angeles, California, the air, principally of marine origin, has numerous sea salt particles. Visibility is noticeably reduced when humidity exceeds about 67%. In a study of visibility related to both relative humidity and origin of... 

Effective inlet air filtration is required to ensure satisfactory operation of the engine. The location of the unit determines the most appropriate filter system to use. Desert environments where a large amount of sand particles could be expected in the ambient air may use an automatic roll type of filter that allows new filter material to be rolled in front of the inlet without frequent shut-downs to change filters. Arctic or extremely cold locations may use pad type filters, snow hoods to prevent blockage, and exhaust recirculation to prevent icing. Filter assemblies for offshore marine environments may include weather louvers, demister pads, and barrier elements for salt and dirt removal. Screens may be u.sed for insect removal prior to filtration in areas with bug problems. 

The vast majority of bioassays on marine organisms have been conducted on toxicants that are soluble in seawater. Because drilling mud contains solid particles, a special procedure had to be developed. 

As far as the environment is concerned the main factor is to remove solid particles by settling and filtration and to remove marine Crustacea by screening. 

Although the corrosivity may not be high provided the condensed moisture remains uncontaminated, this rarely happens in practice, and in marine environments sea salts are naturally present not only from direct spray but also as wind-borne particles. Moreover, many marine environments are also contaminated by industrial pollution owing to the proximity of factories, port installations, refineries, power stations and densely populated areas, and in the case of ships or offshore installation superstructures by the discharge from funnels, exhausts or flares. In these circumstances any moisture will also contain S, C and N compounds. In addition, solid pollutants such as soot and dust are likely to be deposited and these can cause increased attack either directly because of their corrosive nature, or by forming a layer on the surface of the metal which can absorb and retain moisture. The hygroscopic nature of the various dissolved salts and solid pollutants can also prolong the time that the surface remains moist. 

DeSa, R., and Hastings, J. W. (1968). The characterization of scintillons. Bioluminescent particles from the marine dinoflagellate, Gonyaulax polye-dra.J. Gen. Physiol. 51 105-122. 

Climate is often viewed as the aggregate of all of the elements of weather, with quantitative definitions being purely physical. However, because of couplings of carbon dioxide and many other atmospheric species to both physical climate and to the biosphere, the stability of the climate system depends in principle on the nature of feedbacks involving the biosphere. For example, the notion that sulfate particles originating from the oxidation of dimethylsulfide emitted by marine phytoplankton can affect the albedo (reflectivity) of clouds (Charlson et ai, 1987). At this point these feedbacks are mostly unidentified, and poorly quantified. 

As a starting point we can view the ocean as one large reservoir to which materials are continuously added and removed (Fig. 10-17). The major sources of material include rivers and winds, which carry dissolved and particulate materials from the continents to the sea. The major removal process is the formation of marine sediments both by settling of particles through the water column as well as by precipitation of insoluble solid phases. For many ele-... 

We will illustrate the necessity of including solute from CCN by a simple calculation, recalling that pH = 5.6 is the supposed equilibrium value for water in contact with 300 ppm of CO2. (That calculation will appear later.) In clean, marine air, the concentration of submicrometer aerosol particles (by far the most numerous) is small, say 0.25 pg m . It is known from measurements that the molecular form is often NH4HSO4, and we assume it is all dissolved in 0.125 g/m of liquid water in a cloud - which is typical for fair-weather marine clouds. Thus the average concentration of sulfate ion [SO4 ], mol/L, is... 

Figure 16-1 is a master-variable diagram corresponding approximately to the previous clean marine case, illustrating that HC03 derived from CO2 is only important at pH > 7, and that at equilibrium H", NH4, and SO4- are the dominant species. Figure 16-2 extends this approach to the small population of droplets without any SO - in them that are nucleated on particles of seasalt that is present. In this case, pH = 6.7 and the dominant cation is seawater "alkalinity" or Ak (alkalinity in seasalt is the sum of cation concentration due to dissolved... 

Sulfate compounds (e.g., NH4HSO4) form a major constituent of aerosol particles in remote, unpolluted marine air. 

The only continuous major natural source of the sulfur in these aerosol particles is dimethyl sulfide from marine phytoplankton (algae). 

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