Paper environmental issues

EC (2000) European Commission Green Paper, Environmental Issues of PVC, Com (2000)469 as of 26/7/2000. Brussels, Belgium 2000 8. Mersiowsky I., Stegmann R. Ejlertsson J., Long term behaviour of poly vinyl chloride products under soil buried and landfill conditions. Plastics, Rubber and Composites 28 1999, 321-326. 

This paper explores the use of plastics in cars to make them more environmentally friendly. It lists major environmental issues. It then discusses in detail the positive role of plastics during the lifetime of a car (more plastics means less fuel consumption), the fact that automotive plastic parts are user-friendly and safe, the current and future uses of plastics in cars, recovery options for plastics in end-of-life vehicles, mechanical recycling (which is the best recovery option for many large automotive parts), energy recovery (the solution for small plastic parts), and feedstock (or chemical) recycling. Lastly, the way forward is considered. 

One of the most debated environmental issues of the past fifteen to twenty years has been the exploitation of the forests for wood for paper making. Approximately 30% of the earth s land surface is forested, and around half of this is harvested commercially for industrial purposes (Chapter 1). Over 80% of this wood for industrial use comes from the forests of North America, Europe and what was formerly the Soviet Union. Wood has been the primary fibre source for pulp and paper production world-wide for many years, and it is necessary to take a global view of its consumption. Wood consumption world-wide has more than doubled since 1950 from 1.5 billion to 3.5 billion m3 (United Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation). Approximately half of this is used for fuelwood and half for industrial use. The principal driving force for this increase in consumption has been the increase in world population which shows a close correlation with wood consumption (Figure 10.1). 

Source N. Kirkpatrick, Environmental Issues in the Pulp and Paper Industries, Literature Review , Pira Reviews of Pulp and Paper Technology, Pira International, 1991, p. 20). 

Environmental issues are discussed below. It is worth pointing out now that the industry has had to adapt to chlorine demand changes in this sector such as CFCs, pulp and paper and solvents. In Europe no chlorine is used in the pulp industry and it is being run-down elsewhere. Many of the plants which supplied chlorine into the pulp sector are situated a long way from other chlorine end-users and there have been closures of chlorine units, mainly in Scandinavia, Canada and the West Coast of the USA. 

Smith, W. H. Air Pollution Effects on the Quality and Resilience of the Forest Ecosystem. Paper Presented at the AAAS (American Association for the Advancement of Science) Symposium on Temperate Climate Forestry and the Forest Ecosystem An Environmental Issue Held in Washington, D.C., 1972. 

European Commission (EC) (ed) (2000) Green paper on environmental issues of PVC. COM (2000) 406 final, European Commission, Brussels... 

Although this paper deals primarily with uranium and radon from occurrences in the Windsor area of Nova Scotia, the areal extent of the Horton Group strata throughout eastern Canada would seem to imply that environmental issues related to the Horton Group uranium mineralization might exist throughout the Maritimes Basin. 

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) published the white paper titled Potential Implications of Genomics for Regulatory and Risk Assessment Applications at EPA in 2004 (US-EPA 2004). This paper was issued to present exemplary applications and resultant implications of the use of genomics technologies in US-EPA practice. 

Azzam, F. 0., Fullerton, K. F., Vamosi, J. E. and Lee, S. "Application of Wet Oxidation for Waste Treatment", invited paper for Symposium on The Environmental Issues of Energy Conversion Technology, paper No 87G, AIChE Summer National Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA, Aug 18-21,1991. 

Environmental Protection Agency Ireland. The EPA s Viewpoint papers examine a variety of environmental topics, highlighting key environmental issues, the role of the EPA, government departments, local authorities, and other state agencies,... 

Schaal, Barbara. 2007. Challenges for applications of transgenic plants from the perspective of population biology and environmental issues. Paper presented at the Arthur M. Sackler Colloquia of the National Academy of Sciences, From Functional Genomics of Model Organisms to Crop Plants for Global Health. Washington, D.C., April 3—5, 2006. 

This chapter will focus on three important industries where peroxygens have had a significant impact, particularly with respect to environmental issues chemical purification, pulp and paper bleaching and hydrometallurgy and metal finishing. 

The production of paper is the largest and fastest growing single application of hydrogen peroxide. This growth has fundamentally been driven by environmental issues, and a large quantity of new and improved technology has now been devised in response to this demand. 

Wakelyn, P.J., Menchey, K., and Jordan, A.G., Cotton and environmental issues, in Cotton— Global Challenges and the Future, Papers Presented at a Technical Seminar at the 59th Plenary Meeting of the International Cotton Advisory Committee (ICAC), Cairns, Australia, November 9, 2000, pp. 3-11. 

In this special volume on polymer particles, recent trends and developments in the synthesis of nano- to micron-sized polymer particles by radical polymerization of vinyl monomers in environmentally friendly heterogeneous aqueous and supercritical carbon dioxide fluid media are reviewed by prominent worldwide researchers. Polymer particles are prepared extensively as synthetic emulsions and latexes, which are applied as binders in the industrial fields of paint, paper and inks, and films such as adhesives and coating materials. Considerable attention has recently been directed towards aqueous dispersed systems due to the increased awareness of environmental issues. Moreover, such polymer particles have already been applied to more advanced fields such as bio-, information, and electronic technologies. In addition to the obvious commercial importance of these techniques, it is of fundamental scientific interest to completely elucidate the mechanistic details of macromolecule synthesis in the microreactors that the polymer particles in these heterogeneous systems constitute. 

Legislation, environmental issues, customer demands, and economic reasons have increased interest in membranes. According to the Paperbase databank, in 1990 the word ultrafiltration was mentioned in more than 100 different papers and reverse osmosis in about 70 papers. In 2005, the corresponding numbers were 500 and 220. However, the seemingly intensive research has not yet created many mill-scale installations. 

To obtain student opinion on the research paper, an additional question relating to it was added to end-of-the-term course evaluation. Student response to the research paper was very favorable, since 79.2% felt the essay on green chemistry/environmental issues was a worthwhile and useful learning experience. 

ECOS-DoD (2007). Identification and selection of toxidty values/criteria for CERCLA and hazardous waste site risk assessments in the absence of IRIS values. Emerging Contaminants Task Group Risk Assessment Provisional Values Subgroup Issue Paper. Environmental Council of States, Department of Defense Sustainability Work Group. Accessed at http //www.ecos.org/files/2733 file FINAL ECOS PV Paper 4 23 07.doc. 

He has acted as consultant to CEPI (the Confederation of European Paper Industries) in Brussels, and was coordinator of the handbook The Impact of Environmental Legislation. A major contribution on environmental issues was made to the FT Management Report on Managing Change in the Paper Industry, published in 1997. His collaboration with Tom Bolton has led to the establishment of the Current practice in environmental reporting series. 

At the UNEP third international round table conference on The Environment and Financial Performance , the subject of communicating with stakeholders was debated. An interesting paper was given by BP America, which now lays great emphasis on communicating with stakeholders, particularly on environmental issues. 

House of Commons, fPreliminaryJ Report of the Commission on Arsenical Poisoning, Sessional Papers, Reports from Commissioners, Inspectors, and Others, 6 July 1901, vol. 9 Kelvin, Final Report, f f 38—41, 169, 182. For more on the history of the precautionary principle, see European Environment Agency, Late Lessons from Early Warnings The Precautionary Principle 1896-2000, Environmental Issue Report 22, 2002. 

European Union Commission, Green Paper on Environmental issues of PVC (COM(2000)469FINAL) , 2000, http //www.europa.eu.int/comm/ environment/pvc/index.htm. 

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