Macromolecules synthesis

Deming T.J., Facile synthesis of block copol3fpeptides of defined architecture. Nature, 390, 386, 1997. Seidel S.W. and Deming T.J., Use of chiral mthenium and iridium amido-sulfonamidate complexes for controlled, enantioselective polypeptide synthesis. Macromolecules, 36, 969, 2003. 

Kricheldorf, H. R., Rabenstein, M., Maskos, M. and Schmidt, M., Macrocycles 15. The role of cyclization in kinetically controlled polycondensations. 1. Polyester synthesis, Macromolecules, 34, 713 (2001). 

Kiesewetter MK, Shin EJ, Hedrick JL, Waymouth RM (2010) Organocatalysis opportunities and challenges for polymer synthesis. Macromolecules 43 2093-2107... 

Stabilization of the dipolar alignment of poled nonlinear optical polymers by ultrastructure synthesis. Macromolecules 26 5303 (1993). 

Yoshida, M. Novel thin film with cylindrical nanopores that open and close depending on temperature first successful synthesis. Macromolecules 29, 8987-8989 (1996)... 

J.W. Labadie, J.L. Hedrick, Perfluoroalkylene-activated poly(aryl ether) synthesis. Macromolecules 23 (26) (1990)5371-5373. 

Vanderzande, DJ.M., Marin, G.B., 2011. Kinetic Monte Carlo modeling of the sulfinyl precursor route for poly (p-phenylene vinylene) synthesis. Macromolecules 44, 8716-8726. 

Tonhauser C, Nataello A, Lowe H, et al Microflow technology in polymer synthesis. Macromolecules 45 9551-9570, 2012. 

Ando S, Matsuura T, Sasaki S (1992) Perfluorinated Pol)dmide Synthesis. Macromolecules 25 5858-5860. 

Ryu, S.W., Asada, H., and Hirao, A. (2002) Synthesis of novel well-defined substituted polystyrenes functionalized with two and four benzyl bromide moieties in each monomer unit and their application to densely branched polymer synthesis. Macromolecules, 35,7191-7199. 

Starzewski, A.O., Steinhauser, N., and Xin, B.S. (2008) Decisive progress in metallocene-catalyzed elastomer synthesis. Macromolecules, 41,4095 101. 

Boyd SD, Jen AKY, Luscombe CK (2009) Steric stabilization effects in nickel-catalyzed regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) synthesis. Macromolecules 42 9387-9389... 

Keddie DJ, Moad G, Rizzardo E, Thang SH (2012) RAFT agent design and synthesis. Macromolecules 45 5321-5342... 

Ayres, N., Haddleton, D.M., Shooter, A.J., and Pears, D.A. 2002. Synthesis of hydrophilic polar supports based on poly(dimethylacrylamide) via copper-mediated radical polymerization from a cross-linked polystyrene surface Potential resins for oligopeptide solid-phase synthesis. Macromolecules 35 3849-55. 

Kumar, A., Gross, R.A., Wang, Y. and Hillmyer, M.A. (2002) Recognition of lipases of -hydroxyl macroinitiators for diblock copolymer synthesis. Macromolecules, 35, 7606-11. 

The wide variety of ketomethylene and amino ketone monomers that could be synthesized, and the abiUty of the quinoline-forming reaction to generate high molar mass polymers under relatively mild conditions, allow the synthesis of a series of polyquinolines with a wide stmctural variety. Thus polyquinolines with a range of chain stiffness from a semirigid chain to rod-like macromolecules have been synthesized. Polyquinolines are most often prepared by solution polymerization of bis(i9-amino aryl ketone) and bis (ketomethylene) monomers, where R = H or C H, in y -cresol with di-y -cresyl phosphate at 135—140°C for a period of 24—48 h (92). 

Synthesis. The synthesis of poly(dichlotophosphazene) [25034-79-17, (N=PCl2) (4), the patent polymer to over 300 macromolecules of types (1) and (2), is carried out via controlled, ring-opening polymerization of the corresponding cycHc trimer, (N=PCl2)3 [940-71 -6]. 

Processes for HDPE with Broad MWD. Synthesis of HDPE with a relatively high molecular weight and a very broad MWD (broader than that of HDPE prepared with chromium oxide catalysts) can be achieved by two separate approaches. The first is to use mixed catalysts containing two types of active centers with widely different properties (50—55) the second is to employ two or more polymerization reactors in a series. In the second approach, polymerization conditions in each reactor are set drastically differendy in order to produce, within each polymer particle, an essential mixture of macromolecules with vasdy different molecular weights. Special plants, both slurry and gas-phase, can produce such resins (74,91—94). 

Synthetic polymers have become extremely important as materials over the past 50 years and have replaced other materials because they possess high strength-to-weight ratios, easy processabiUty, and other desirable features. Used in appHcations previously dominated by metals, ceramics, and natural fibers, polymers make up much of the sales in the automotive, durables, and clothing markets. In these appHcations, polymers possess desired attributes, often at a much lower cost than the materials they replace. The emphasis in research has shifted from developing new synthetic macromolecules toward preparation of cost-effective multicomponent systems (ie, copolymers, polymer blends, and composites) rather than preparation of new and frequendy more expensive homopolymers. These multicomponent systems can be "tuned" to achieve the desired properties (within limits, of course) much easier than through the total synthesis of new macromolecules. 

Qiu et al. [241 have reported the synthesis of macromolecules having 4-tolylureido pendant groups, such as poly(N-acryloyl-N -4-tolylurea-cvi ethyl acrylate) [po-ly(ATU-co-EA)] 18, and poly(N-methacryloyl-A/ -4-tol-ylurea-co-EA) [poly(MTU-co-EA)] 19, from the copolymerization of ATU and MTU with EA, respectively. Graft copolymerization of acrylamide onto the surface of these two copolymer films took place using the Ce(lV) ion as initiator. The graft copolymerization is proposed as Scheme (12). 

Energy for maintenance is the energy required for survival, or non-growth related purposes. It includes activities such as active transport across membranes and turnover (replacement synthesis) of macromolecules. 

An interesting aspect of the benzofuran cationic polymerization was uncovered by Natta, Farina, Peraldo and Bressan who reported in 196160,61 that an asymmetric synthesis of an optically active poly(benzofuran) could be achieved by using AlCl2Et coupled with (-)j3-phenylalanine, (+)camphorsulphonic acid or with (-)brucine. The optical activity was definitely due to the asymmetric carbon atoms in the polymer chain, indicating that at least some of the polymer s macromolecules possessed a di-isotactic structure, v/ z.62 ... 

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