Paper chromatography detection methods

Lincomycin hydrochloride monohydrate can be detected by paper chromatography. The method employed was paper chromatography followed by bioautography on agar frays seeded with Sarcinea Lutea. The following solvent systems were used ... 

Gas-flow counting is a method for detecting and quantitating radioisotopes on paper chromatography strips and thin-layer plates. Emissions are measured by interaction with an electrified wire in an inert gas atmosphere. AH isotopes are detectable however, tritium is detected at very low (- 1%) efficiency. 

Sufficient data are not yet available to allow evaluation of the relative merits of palladium-on-carbon and degassed Raney nickel catalysts. Comparable yields of 2,2 -biquinolines have been obtained by both methods under suitable conditions but the percentage conversions with degassed Raney nickel have been found to be much lower, reflecting the extent of side reactions with this catalyst. However, work in this laboratory has shown that the reaction of quinoline with palladium-on-carbon is not free from complications for example, at least three products in addition to 2,2 -biquinoline have been detected by paper chromatography. 

Stahl, E., Ed., Thin-Ixiyer Chromatography, 2nd ed.. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969. Barret, G.C., Nondestructive detection methods in paper and thin layer chromatography, in Advances in Chromatography, Vol. 11, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1974, pp. 145-179. 

The bearing which these discoveries have had on the elucidation of the structure of ribopolynucleotides will be discussed later. It is important to stress here, however, that, for most purposes, the older methods of preparing nucleotides have been superseded by procedures which yield separate isomers of each. Of the techniques mentioned above, paper chromatography iB mainly of analytical value, and is the most convenient method for the qualitative detection of isomeric adenylic acids. The only disadvantage of this method is that the isomers are not completely separable from muscle adenylic acid. The presence of the latter, however, can be readily detected by hydrolyzing it to adenosine by means of the specific 5-nucleotidase present in snake venoms,66 or by deamination by a specific enzyme... 

In 1964, Netrawali et al.66 described fluorescence measurements of calcium leucovorin in NaHC03 solution after paper chromatography and reaction with acidic orcinol. The gray-blue fluorescent species formed on the developed paper-gram was very sensitive for leucovorin, showing a detection limit of 0.1 yg. In the eluting solution, however, the required concentration increased to 0.5 pg. Recovery by this method was 100 15%, and results obtained from fluorescence were lower by 10 to 20% than those obtained by microbiological methods. 

The anthocyanin profile of the flowers of Vanda (Orchidaceae) was investigated with a similar technique. Flowers (2 kg) were extracted with 101 of methanol-acetic acid-water (9 l 10,v/v) at ambient temperature for 24 h. The extract was purified by column chromatography, paper chromatography, TLC and preparative RP-HPLC. Analytical HPLC was carried out in an ODS column (250 X 4.6 mm, i.d.) at 40°C. Gradient conditions were from 40 per cent to 85 per cent B in 30 min (solvent A 1.5 per cent H3P04 in water solvent B 1.5 per cent H3P04, 20 per cent acetic acid and 25 per cent ACN in water). The flow rate was 1 ml/min and analytes were detected at 530 nm. The chemical structures of acylated anthocyanins present in the flowers are compiled in Table 2.90. The relative concentrations of anthocyanins in the flower extracts are listed in Table 2.91. It can be concluded from the results that the complex separation and identification methods (TLC, HPLC, UV-vis and II NMR spectroscopy, FAB-MS) allow the separation, quantitative determination and identification of anthocyanins in orchid flowers [262],... 

Cinnamyl anthranilate can be assayed by a method based on ester hydrolysis. Bulk samples of food-grade cinnamyl anthranilate have been analysed for purity by thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. A method has been described for determining the content of this compound in food products by steam distillation followed by paper chromatography and examination under ultraviolet light it has a limit of detection of 1 pg (lARC, 1983). 

Three standardized methods were found in the Official Methods ofAnalysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC 1990). The first of these methods is based on the extraction of crops (kale, endive, carrots, lettuce, apples, potatoes, and strawberries) with ethyl acetate and isolation of the residue followed by a sweep codistillation cleanup prior to GC/thermionic detection (Method 968.24). The second of these methods utilizes Florisil column chromatography clean-up followed by GC/FPD (Method 970.53). In the third method (Method 970.52), the sample is extracted with acetonitrile, and the residue is partitioned into petroleum ether followed by Florisil clean-up and GC/KC1 thermionic detection. Identifications are based on combinations of gas, thin-layer, and paper chromatography. The recovery for diazinon in this method is stated to be greater than 80% no data on limits of detection were given. 

The chimney-sweeper cancer described by P. Pott in England as early as 1775, which is basically related to soot but not to carbon black, was the starting point of intensive research on analytical test methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in carbon blacks. Increasingly refined test methods have been developed (e.g., column, thin-layer, and paper chromatography, gas chromatography, UV and fluorescence spectrophotometry, and mass spectroscopy) to detect traces of such substances and to investigate the ability of carbon black surfaces to adsorb and to desorb PAHs. 

Hydrodynamic chromatography was originally described by Small (7) in 1974. A number of publications have appeared since then which describe the separation mechanism and sample detection methods used with HDC (5, 8-18). In addition, Van Gilder, et. al. (19) used HDC as the primary particle sizing technique in research on the particle size versus viscosity relationship of high solids paper coating latices. 

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