Palate

Fenoprofen, 2-(3-phenoxyphenyl)propionic acid, is made into its monohydroxyalurninum or dihydroxyalurninum salt by reaction of the sodium salt of the acid with aluminum nitrate or chloride under pH control (90,91). The aluminum salt, which is hydroly2ed in the stomach, is more palatable for arthritis treatment (92,93). 

In the food industries a number of amino acids have been widely used as flavor enhancers and flavor modifiers (see Flavors and spices). For example, monosodium L-glutamate is well-known as a meat flavor-enhancer and an enormous quantity of it is now used in various food appHcations (see Amino acids, L-MONOSODIUM glutamate (MSG)). Protein, hydroly2ed by acid or en2yme to be palatable, has been used for a long time in flavoring agents. 

In Foods. Each amino acid has its characteristic taste of sweetness, sourness, saltiness, bitterness, or "umami" as shown in Table 13. Umami taste, which is typically represented by L-glutamic acid salt (and some 5 -nucleotide salts), makes food more palatable and is recognized as a basic taste, independent of the four other classical basic tastes of sweet, sour, salty, and bitter (221). 

Agriculture. Most forages provide insufficient sodium for animal feeding and may lack adequate chloride. Thus salt supplementation is a critical part of a nutritionally balanced diet for animals. In addition, because animals have a definite appetite for salt, it can be used as a deflvery mechanism to ensure adequate intake of less palatable nutrients and as a feed limiter. Salt is an excellent carrier for trace minerals. Salt, either in loose form or as compressed blocks, can be mixed with feed or fed free-choice to improve animal health and productivity (see Feeds and feed additives). 

Rhinitis is characterized by nasal stuffiness with partial or full obstmction, and itching of the nose, eyes, palate, or pharynx, sneezing, and rhinorrhoea. If left untreated it can lead to more serious respiratory diseases such as sinusitis or asthma. Although several types of dmgs are available for treatment, nasal spray topical corticosteroids are widely regarded as the reference standard in rhinitis therapy (250). 

A major pharmaceutical use of poly(oxyethylene) sorbitan fatty acid esters is in the solubilization of the oil-soluble vitamins A and D. In this way, multivitamin preparations can be made which combine both water- and oil-soluble vitamins in a palatable form. 

In all fermented foods, microbes contribute as preservatives, ie, by lowering the pH and producing ethanol, or by making the food more palatable. The dehberate use of yeasts as food in themselves is less common. Small beer, the sediment from beer, has been traditionally used as a vitamin supplement for infants. Beginning in 1910, dried, spent brewers yeast was developed as a food, and Candida utilis was used as a food supplement in Germany during World War II. 

Dicalcium Phosphate Dihydrate (DPD). Dicalcium phosphate cHhydrate is completely nonreactive at room temperature. At 65—71°C and in the presence of water, it dehydrates and decomposes into hydroxyapatite and acidic monocalcium phosphate, or a free phosphoric acid (18). It is used to some extent in cake mixes in combination with faster acting acid. Its primary function is to provide acidity late in the baking cycle and thus produce a neutral and palatable product. DPD has an NV of 33. It provides sufficient acidity only in products requiring long baking times. 

Gin. Gin is a botanical flavored spirit first produced in 1650 by Franciscus de La Boe, a professor of medicine at the University of Leyden, attempting to produce a palatable, therapeutic medicine. He distilled alcohol in the presence of juniper berries being aware that the Latin junipems communis means youth giving. 

Alcohohc beverages are made up primarily of ethanol, congeners, and water. Congeners are vaporized with the alcohol in distillation below 190° proof and are developed during the maturation process by oxidation and other reactions. These components contribute to palatability and create the characteristic appearance, aroma, and taste of a particular spidt. When the spirit is distilled at a lower proof, more congeners are present and the spirits possess more character. Congeners are usually reported either as grams per 100 Hters at "as is" proof, or as 100° proof at parts per million or parts per billion. 

Potable Water Treatment. Treatment of drinking water accounts for about 24% of the total activated carbon used in Hquid-phase apphcations (74). Rivers, lakes, and groundwater from weUs, the most common drinking water sources, are often contaminated with bacteria, vimses, natural vegetation decay products, halogenated materials, and volatile organic compounds. Normal water disinfection and filtration treatment steps remove or destroy the bulk of these materials (75). However, treatment by activated carbon is an important additional step in many plants to remove toxic and other organic materials (76—78) for safety and palatability. 

Choline dihydrogen citrate (CH2)3N(CH2CH20H)C H202, is prepared by methods similar to those for preparing choline chloride. It has the same pharmacological action as the chloride, but contains a lower proportion of choline. It is not as dehquescent as the chloride, and absorbs moisture from the atmosphere only at relative humidities greater than 56% at 25.5°C. It is mote palatable than the chloride. 

Reproductive Toxicity. No data are available that impHcate either hexavalent or trivalent chromium compounds as reproductive toxins, unless exposure is by way of injection. The observed teratogenic effects of sodium dichromate(VI), chromic acid, and chromium (HI) chloride, adininistered by injection, as measured by dose-response relationships are close to the amount that would be lethal to the embryo, a common trait of many compounds (111). Reported teratogenic studies on hamsters (117,118), the mouse (119—121), and rabbits (122) have shown increased incidence of cleft palate, no effect, and testicular degeneration, respectively. Although the exposures for these experiments were provided by injections, in the final study (122) oral, inhalation, and dermal routes were also tried, and no testicular degeneration was found by these paths. 

The linear thermal expansion of base-plate waxes should not exceed 0.8% at 25—40°C. It is desirable to invest any waxed-up case as soon after waxing is completed as possible. This minimises changes in articulation owing to tooth shift, and changes in palatal thickness owing to lifting of the palatal section by wax shrinkage caused by variations in room temperature or by the release of stress. 

Water must have eye appeal and taste appeal before we will drink it with much relish. Instinctively we draw back from the idea of drinking dirty, smelly water. Actually far more important to our well-being is whether or not a water is safe to drink. If it holds disease bacteria, regardless of its clarity and sparkle, we should avoid it. Let s consider these two highly important aspects of water potability and palatability. 

Discussions thus far have focused on pathogens and methods of destroying them in the process of making water potable - safe to drink. This is highly important but it s not the whole story for water must be palatable as well as potable. The obvious question to ask is - What makes a water palatable ... 

Results indicated that a one time biosolids treatment ranging from 22.5 to 45 dry Mg/ha (10 to 20 dry ton/ac) yielded positive vegetative response without harm to the environment. An unexpected benefit from the biosolids treatments was a decrease in broom snakeweed, a toxic, non palatable competitive range plant. Following the addition of biosolids, the number of broom snakeweed plants in the biosolids-treated plots decreased over the course of the study. 

Evaporation. The process of evaporation or distillation in the past was carried out in submerged-tube evaporators. These have been superseded by flash-type evaporators, which are more economical to run and reduce scale problems. The prcKess is suitable for brackish water, where the cost of chemical methods is excessive. The resulting distilled water is not palatable and re quires aeration to make it potable. 

Oropharynx Airway passage between the lower border of the soft palate... 

Soft palate Movable fold along the posterior superior portion of the oral... 

Gaomen, m. (hard) palate, -segel, n.,-vorhang, m. soft palate. 

---