Obvious questions for

What has already been said about space and time coordinates in the preceding chapters suggests the obvious question for which coordinates the Pauli principle is valid. Do we need to apply the pair permutation to only spatial coordinates or to space-time coordinates The permutation is to be applied to the spatial coordinates only since in quantum field theory the commutators are understood as equal-time commutation relations. Moreover, in nonrela-tivistic quantum mechanics this problem does not show up and we will later refer to space-spin coordinates that need to be exchanged for pair permutation. The situation will become more clear in section 8.6.5 once we have introduced the theoretical tools and background needed. 

Ultrasonic techniques are an obvious choice for measuring the wall thickness. In the pulse-echo method times between echoes from the outer and inner surface of the tube can be measured and the wall thickness may be calculated, when the ultrasonic velocity of the material is known. In the prototype a computer should capture the measuring data as well as calculate and pre.sent the results. First some fundamental questions was considered and verified by experiments concerning ultrasonic technique (Table I), equipment, transducers and demands for guidance of the tube. 

Returning to the data of Table 7.1, it is apparent that there is a good deal of variability among the r values displayed by various systems. We have already seen the effect this produces on the overall copolymer composition we shall return to the matter of microstructure in Sec. 7.6. First, however, let us consider the obvious question. What factors in the molecular structure of two monomers govern the kinetics of the different addition steps This question is considered in the few next sections for now we look for a way to systematize the data as the first step toward an answer. 

Discussions thus far have focused on pathogens and methods of destroying them in the process of making water potable - safe to drink. This is highly important but it s not the whole story for water must be palatable as well as potable. The obvious question to ask is - What makes a water palatable ... 

The obvious question is Ts there an optimum design for the corrugations Unfortunately the answer is No because if one wishes to increase transverse stiffness then the obvious thing to do is to increase D up to the point where buckling problems start to be a concern. Usually this is when D/h = 10, for short-term loading and less than this for long term loading because of the decrease in modulus of viscoelastic materials. 

Intermlttency Manneville [mann80] showed that for the special case of a generic intermittency threshold in which the tangent point lies at the endpoint of the interval (in the case of a one dimensional iterative map of an interval to itself), the resulting chaotic dynamics has a power spectrum S f) 1/ (/(log/) ) for low /. Miracky, et. al. were able to modify the map to obtain an exact 1// behavior [mirack87]. Because the result depends on the fine-tuning of an external parameter, however, it does not so mucdi explain the generic appearance of flicker noise phenomena as beg the obvious question, why do systems typically sit at whatever... 

The recent explosion in the discovery of new myosin genes has led to the idea that myosins from different classes probably co-exist in cells. This has raised the obvious question as to what functions these myosins subserve within cells. Up to now, only the genes have been cloned for many of the 35 unique myosins. But this is not a question that can be answered solely by cloning rather, it is absolutely imperative to biochemically characterize these proteins if we are to understand their physiological properties. One way to do this is to express the entire protein or parts of the proteins in bacteria, yeast, or insect cells, and to then purify and characterize... 

Now that we have seen how to deprotonate an alcohol (to form an alkoxide), the obvious question is what can we do with alkoxide ions We have already seen that alkoxide ions can be used as strong bases. But alkoxides can also function as strong nucleophiles. For example, consider the following Sn2 reaction ... 

With the establishment of clear-cut flavone races, the next obvious question was how the pattern became established. One possibility discussed by Mastenbroek (1983) involved selection for flavone profiles in response to some environmental factor or factors, climatological or edaphic being the most obvious ones. Alternatively, the present-day distribution pattern may be the result of historical factors (1) migration involving long- or intermediate-distance dispersal (2) range extension... 

An important and interesting question is obviously whether for quasicrystals and incommensurately modulated crystals there is anything corresponding to the Bloch functions for crystals. Momentum space may be a better hunting ground in that connection than ordinary space, where we have no lattice. Not only is there no lattice, one cannot even specify the location of each atom yet [8]. 

The trend toward decreased stability of compounds with increased lipophilicity and MW is obvious. This analysis can provide information about the roles of these two properties in contributing to clearance for this series. Again, the important question for hit triage decision making is how the hypothesized structure-clearance trends correlate to the property trends for other relevant biological properties. 

The significance of B—C ir-bonding in determining the course and the ease of chemical reaction with organoboranes is obviously a more difficult question for both the experimentalist and the theoretician. Again, both inductive and resonance effects can, in principle, play a role but in addition, steric effects now become important, either for intramolecular reactions, as in Eq. (5), or for intermolecular reactions, as in Eqs. (7, 8). 

The moisture uptake models we have discussed have been concerned with pure components. The deliquescing material could be a drug substance or an excipient material. In pharmaceuticals, however, mixtures of materials are also important. One possible situation involves mixing nondeliquescing and deliquescing materials that are formed into a porous tablet or powder blend. The obvious question is, Do the models for pure components apply to porous heterogeneous materials For pure components we have assumed that the mass and heat limiting transport... 

Labels indicating correct disposal may also be helpful, but are very often ignored if there is no obvious danger for the waste producer in case of acting against the label s advice. In the future, invisible identification tags like the RFID technique could help to sort out the devices in question from the waste stream. 

For practical as well as fundamental reasons, there has been considerable interest in the deposition of alloys containing metals such as W, Mo, and Sn. In their pure forms, these metals do not catalyze the oxidation of the usual electroless reducing agents. Therefore, their mechanism of codeposition is intriguing, and developing an understanding of it should help to better understand the mechanism of electroless deposition as whole. Obvious questions in ternary and quaternary alloy deposition include the effect of the third or fourth element containing ions in solution on the rate of electroless deposition, as well as on the P and B contents in the case of alloys such as Ni-P and Ni-B. 

The photolyses of diazirines 9a and 9b were similarly studied in Ar matrices at 10-34.5 K 59 Eq. 10. Benzylchlorocarbene (10a) and its ct,a-d2 analogue (10b) were observed by UV or IR (10b) spectroscopy, and their decay to styrenes 11 and 12 could be monitored. Tunneling in these 1,2-H(D) shifts was indicated by (a) much higher rates of carbene decay at 10 K than could be anticipated from extrapolation of the 298 K LFP kinetic data, (b) a kinetic isotope effect (KIE) for the 1,2-H(D) shifts estimated at 2000, and (c) little temperature dependence of the rate at low temperature.59 Accepting that QMT is important in the very low temperature H shifts of carbenes 10 and 18, the obvious question becomes is QMT important at higher or even ambient temperatures ... 

However, some observable physical changes are subtler than those previously mentioned and are not obviously debilitating to the person in question. For instance, sometimes problems with irritability and morning sluggishness that may linger late into the day can be a sign of withdrawal symptoms. Drug use also can cause rashes, acne, sores, and other skin problems that did not exist before. 

In any investigation, we first look for a qualitative relationship. In effect, we ask questions like, If I change the variable x, is there is a response in a different variable yV We look at what kind of response we can cause - a scientist wants to know about the qualities of the response, hence QUAL-itative. An obvious question relating to qualitative relationships is, If I mix solutions of A and B, does a reaction occur ... 

Only after we know whether or not there is a response (and of what general kind) does a physical chemist ask the next question, seeking a quantitative assessment. He asks, How much of the response is caused In effect, physical chemists want to know if the magnitude (or quantity) of a response is big, small or intermediate. We say we look for a QUANT-itative aspect of the relationship. An obvious question relating to quantitative relationships is, I now know that a reaction occurs when I mix solutions of A and B, but to what extent does the reaction occur what is the chemical yield ... 

A large and growing number of older people across the world suffer from schizophrenia. Recommendations for their treatment are largely based on data extrapolated from studies of the use of antipsychotic medications in younger populations. In addition most manufacturers of such medications recommend prescription of reduced doses to the elderly. The evidence base for these assumptions is unclear and raises obvious questions regarding the appropriateness of such prescribing practice. 

The obvious question why only the CEVE gave polymers with a bimodal DPD can be answered with the tentative suggestion that for the other monomers the charge-density on the Pn+ is relatively so great that the ratio [Pn+]/[PnSv+] is too small for a monoeidic polymerisation by Pn+ to play any important part. It would not be difficult to test our ideas experimentally. 

As there is a difference between the measurements and the values of the calculated function, we can safely assume that the fitted parameters are not perfect. They are our best estimates for the true parameters and an obvious question is, how reliable are these fitted parameters Are they tightly or they are loosely defined As long as the assumption of random white noise applies, there are formulas that allow the computation of the standard deviation of the fitted parameters. While these answers should always be taken with a grain of salt, they do give an indication of how well defined the parameters are. 

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