Paint effects

Penetrating finishes such as stains and water-repellent preservatives ( 7,8) leave little or no continuous coating on wood surface. Because there is no coating, there is no failure by blistering or peeling. These finishes are ideally suited for rough-textured surfaces difficult to paint effectively. 

A case-control study of Guiguet et al. observed an increased risk for aplastic anaemia after exposure to paints (effective compounds in the paints are unknown), but no increased risk after exposure to solvents alone. Reduction of blood hemoglobin levels was shown after exposure to gasoline, car spray paint (xylene) and various solvents (house painters).An increased Hb level was noted, however, in a study of car and industrial spray painters. 

Phenix, A., Sutherland, K. (2001). The cleaning of paintings effects of organic solvents on oil paint films. Reviews in Conservation, (2), 47-60. 

Artists Paints Effects and analysis ICOM Committee for Conservation and UKIC (2001)... 

LP Haack, JW Holubka. Bake oven induced variation of surface chemistry on electrocoat paint Effect on primer-electrocoat intercoat adhesion. J Coatings Technology 72(903) 35-44, 2000. 

The metal is very effective as a sound absorber, is used as a radiation shield around X-ray equipment and nuclear reactors, and is used to absorb vibration. White lead, the basic carbonate, sublimed white lead, chrome yellow, and other lead compounds are used extensively in paints, although in recent years the use of lead in paints has been drastically curtailed to eliminate or reduce health hazards. 

A varnish is often appHed on top of the paint layers. A varnish serves two purposes as a protective coating and also for an optical effect that enriches the colors of the painting. A traditional varnish consists of a natural plant resin dissolved or fused in a Hquid for appHcation to the surface (see Resins, natural). There are two types of varnish resins hard ones, the most important of which is copal, and soft ones, notably dammar and mastic. The hard resins are fossil, and to convert these to a fluid state, they are fused in oil at high temperature. The soft resins dissolve in organic solvents, eg, turpentine. The natural resin varnishes discolor over time and also become less soluble, making removal in case of failure more difficult (see Paint and FINNISH removers). Thus the use of more stable synthetic resins, such as certain methacrylates and cycHc ketone resins, has become quite common, especially in conservation practice. 

Flaking paint is treated by infusion of an adhesive in the areas where needed, followed by resetting the flakes on the substrate the softening of the paint needed to bend it back is effected through solvent action or heat. Losses can only be filled and inpainted. Inpainting may also be necessary when cracks become so wide as to seriously affect the visual appearance of the painting. 

Other Nitrogen Compounds. The basis of the sophisticated nitrogen compounds Hsted in Table 10 is the reaction of formaldehyde with amino compounds. A significant amount of Hterature details investigation of the mechanism of action, particularly whether or not the antimicrobial activity depends on decomposition to formaldehyde (40—42). These compounds tend to have substantial water solubiUty and are more effective against bacteria than fungi and yeasts. Key markets for these compounds are metalworking fluids, cosmetics, and in-can preservation of paints (see Alkanolamines Amines, fatty amines). 

Table 13 shows some of the developmental products that have EPA appHcations pending and may be available in the near future. Sea Nine is a variation on the very successflil isothiazolone chemistry. It is claimed to be an improvement over metallic actives used for antifouling paint and wood preservation (46,47). Decylthioethylamine and its water-soluble hydrochloride are claimed to be especially effective at controlling biofilm in cooling water appHcations (48—50). The hydroxymethylpyra2ole shown is also suggested to have properties that are well suited to the protection of aqueous products or emulsions (51,52). 

J. C. Harrington, Comparative Effects of Organic Mntifoulant Biocides in Marine Paints, 29th Marine and Offshore Coatings Conference, Chadeston, S.C., June 28,1989. 

MIBK is a highly effective separating agent for metals from solutions of their salts and is used in the mining industries to extract plutonium from uranium, niobium from tantalum, and zirconium from hafnium (112,113). MIBK is also used in the production of specialty surfactants for inks (qv), paints, and pesticide formulations, examples of which are 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyn-4,7-diol and its ethoxylated adduct. Other appHcations include as a solvent for adhesives and wax/oil separation (114), in leather (qv) finishing, textile coating, and as a denaturant for ethanol formulations. 

The alimentary symptoms may be overshadowed by neuromuscular dysfunction, accompanied by signs of motor weakness that may progress to paralysis of the exterior muscles or the wrist (wrist drop), and less often, of the ankles (foot drop). Encephalopathy, the most serious result of lead poisoning, frequendy occurs in children as a result of pica, ie, ingestion of inorganic lead compounds in paint chips this rarely occurs in adults. Nephropathy has also been associated with chronic lead poisoning (147). The toxic effects of lead may be most pronounced on the developing fetus. Consequendy, women must be particulady cautious of lead exposure (148). The U.S. Center for Disease Control recommends a blood level of less than 10 p.m per 100 mL for children. 

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